Free Affirmative Action Essays - Im White, Angry, and Against Affirmative Action :: affirmative action argumentative persuasive

Im White, Angry, and Against Affirmative Action Papers are piling up on top of a desk. People are running around trying to meet their deadlines. Assignments are being pushed back to later dates. Phones are being answered, but put on hold for the next available representatives. The president of the firm puts out a notice of hire. The word is spread finishedout the business community through the publisher and the internet. Resumes are received e rattling business day. The board members of the firm review hundreds of resumes that are received daily. They rate the applications according to qualifications and experiences. The names are disregarded at this point. A dozen of the applicants are chosen, and notified to setup initial interviews. One applicant meets all the qualifications, and has had numerous experiences in the field. This applicant clearly surpasses all the other applicants. The commitee is very impressed by this young man. He heads home in delight, hoping to hear from the marketing firm again. Unfortunately, he never hears from them again. The main reason why he was not chosen, was because of the color of his skin. Since he is Asian, they could not hire him, because 50% of their employees are Asian. Under the affirmative achievement, they must employ someone who is underrepresented. This type of situation happens often. It is not the qualifications, but the color of the skin that employers look for today. Affirmative action is a step backwards. We are back to color and race differences. We are all Americans and should be treated as so, not what ethnicity we are. Affirmative action should be abolished solely because we do not want to make the same mistake our family do in the past --- discriminate according to color. Two wrongs do not make a right. Many people say that we should keep affirmative action to render fairness to the minorities because of the wrongs that was once put on to them. This simply does not make sense. To compensate someone, a person must have gone through an experience. People today did not go through such discrimination, as their past ancestors. How can we punish someone for what they had no control? Our white society today did not commit the

Role Model Paper on My Mother -- essays research papers

Role Model Paper on My MotherA role model is mortal who you can relate with. It is someone who will be hopefully you learn from and in turn they learn from you. My role model is my experience. She had to go through a summer of hell and this is what happened to her and what I learned to. God gives you certain situations and you birth to run with it.I did not want big responsibilities. I figured, Why should I worry about them, until I have to. My way of thinking was selfish. I have always been a little selfish, but caring at the same time. I didnt have that many real responsibilities. I had your typical chores. I had to do well in develop, make sure my room was clean and try not to guide in trouble. In my mind, I did not want to grow up until it was necessary. Growing up came all too quickly.In the beginning of May 2001, my mother was diagnosed with rectal and colon cancer. She developed cancer because she had ulcerative colitis since she was in her late twenties. It was always a thought, by many, that if the colitis got out of hand it could impression in cancer. This thought never really crossed my mind. I remember the day I found out that my mother had cancer. I came home from school and was eager to get changed and drive over to my girlfriends house. I walked into the house and my father was standing at the kitchen counter and my mother was sitting on a chair crying. My father told me to sit down. He explained that my mother had been diagnosed with cancer and that...

Urban Legend of Glenn Dale Hospital :: Ghost Stories Urban Legends

Glenn Dale HospitalBackgroundOver the recent break, I mentioned to a friend that I needed to write about a ghost-related urban legend. He offered to tell me about Glenn Dale Hospital, which is supposedly a famous ghost legend in Maryland. Since I am a lifelong Maryland occupier and did non know about the hospital, I was eager to hear the story. The story was told in the living room of a house by a 19 year old white male native to southern Maryland. He is from a middle class family and his father and mother are a braid worker and a homemaker, respectively. He heard the story from another friend who claims to have visited Glenn Dale Hospital.The StorySo, in the 30s and 40s they used to send tuberculosis patients to the Glenn Dale hospital for treatment. normal relaxed tone lastly it was converted into an insane asylum and it became notorious for its treatment of patients. The staff experimented on the patients and locked them up on the whole day. One day, all the patients rev olted and the doctors ran out of the hospital and boarded up all the doors and windows. talking faster The patients were left inside to die and the hospital was abandoned. The insane still wander the halls. Today, if you sneak in the hospital you will be chased by the ghosts of the patients and twat tuberculosis. My friend went there and swears he saw a ghost watching him from the shadows, and he wont go near that place anymore gestures with consecrate in horizontal motion. The cops arrest anyone they catch trespassing, but they say the cops wont go in the hospital after you if you need help.Context on that point is evidence to support some of this story. According to a Washington Post article from December 10, 2006, Glenn Dale Hospital does exist on over 200 earth in Prince Georges County, Maryland. In fact, it did house tuberculosis patients starting in the mid-thirties. However, that is essentially all the truth in the story. The article states, It Glen Dale Hospital w as never an insane asylum, as urban explorers and paranormal researchers suggest on the internet. Since it was never an asylum, the idea of a revolt and the insane wandering the halls must not be true. Since tuberculosis does not last for decades without human hosts, it is impossible to catch the disease just by exploring the hospital.

Important presidential elections :: history

Important presidential alternativesSome of the most important presidential elections 1812 The election of 1812 consisted of a battle between James capital of Wisconsin, and De Witt Clinton. Madison had represented both Democratic and Republican beliefs, while Clinton was a Federalist. James Madison was born in Port Conway, Va., on March 16, 1751. A Princeton graduate, he joined the struggle for independence on his return to Virginia in 1771. He had been an active politician in the 1770s and 1780s. He was greatly know for championing the Jefferson reform program, and in the Continental Congress. Madison, in collaboration, had participated greatly in the, Federalist, a paper whos main purpose was to ratify the constitution. Madison first became president in 1809, when he bested Charles C. Pickney. He had led the U.S. in a very unpopular war, in which the U.S. hadnt been prepared for...the War of 1812. De Witt Clinton was a Federalist, whos main purpose of the election was to get the U .S. out of a war in which he felt was very unnecessary. DeWitt held every major elective office in impudently York between 1797 and 1828--assemblyman, senator, mayor of New York City, lieutenant governor, and governor. He was a philanthropist and patron of the arts and science and, as canal commissioner, championed construction of the Erie and Champlain canals. The mode in which these candidates received nomination was by the Electoral College, or by King Caucus. The idea of political conventions had not been present at this time. There were no third-party candidates in this election. The major issue of this election was the War of 1812. The War of 1812, or Mr. Madisons War, had been very unpopular among different sections of America. Mainly the ship owners in New England. The war was supposed to protect. This war was supposed to help their shipping, but instead, it had kept them from trading and making money. The winner of the election of 1812 was James Madison. Madison collected 128 electoral votes, while Clinton received 89, and the number of No Votes Cast was 1. The Vice-presidential candidate, who won the election was Elbridge Gerry, who received 131 electoral votes, while Jared Ingersoll received 86. There was no saucer of the number of popular votes for this election. My opinion of why Madison had won the election is because he had led the country into the War of 1812, and therefore, he should be allowed to fight it.

Religion :: essays research papers

Indian Hindus will not be converted to Buddhism Dalai genus LamaThis article is regarding the Dalai Lama and his supposed act of encouragement to convert Hindus in Buddhist. These allegations were proven to be false after the Dalai Lama himself denied them. I think it is a very important factor that when choosing a religion or faith that no persons opinion but your own should decided what you decision may be. in that respect are many violent attacks over this matter, which I potful understand because it is very disrespectful to any practice. There is nothing wrong with spreading the joint or practicing your own religion but once you start forcing opinion or beliefs on others it becomes unfair.God Save The TeensWow, this was an extremely interesting article. As I read it I mentally made a pros and cons list and I came out with mixed reviews. This article is just about a large and growing group of teens from places from New York, south Bronx to Long Island. They have found a new w ay to practice religion, they do it in the from of rap contests freestyle frenzies and hip sermons. This can be a very positive and productive situation considering that it is actually attracting many teens. Yet with terms used interchangeable and slogans like I WOULD DIE TONIGHT FOR MY BELIEFS and starting sermon off with yo, God Bless, brother I find it kind of disrespectful and offensive. Another hot belief among the groups is the way you come looking and dressed to a gathering. Dirty hair and ratty clothes arent frowned upon you dont have to unsnarl your hair and put on a suit, God will accept you for that. That may be the case but have they ever heard of respect. lav Pauls Health Raises Fresh Concern Vatican Law DoesntThis article discusses important and touchy issues, there is obviously a problem with prat Pauls duties as the pope and it is raising some concern. As the pope is getting older he is developing health problems such as Parkinsons diease. His health problems are affecting his decisions and behaviour, such as when shortly after thanking the head of the Armenian Orthodox Church he suddenly slumped vanquish in a chair and an aide read the rest of the text. Unfortunately there are no documented rules that say if popes mentally of physically cant do his job can have it taken away.

Religion :: essays research papers

Indian Hindus ordain not be metamorphoseed to Buddhism Dalai LamaThis article is regarding the Dalai Lama and his supposed act of encouragement to convert Hindus in Buddhist. These allegations were masterven to be false after the Dalai Lama himself denied them. I think it is a really important factor that when choosing a religion or faith that no persons opinion but your own should decided what you decision may be. There are many violent attacks over this matter, which I butt end understand because it is very disrespectful to any practice. There is nothing wrong with spreading the word or practicing your own religion but once you embark on forcing opinion or beliefs on others it becomes unfair.God Save The TeensWow, this was an extremely inte resideing article. As I read it I mentally made a pros and cons list and I came out with mixed reviews. This article is about a large and growing group of teens from places from New York, siemens Bronx to Long Island. They have found a n ew way to practice religion, they do it in the from of rap contests freestyle frenzies and hip preachings. This can be a very positive and productive situation considering that it is actually attracting many teens. Yet with terms used like and slogans like I WOULD DIE TONIGHT FOR MY BELIEFS and starting sermon off with yo, God Bless, brother I find it kind of disrespectful and offensive. Another popular belief among the groups is the way you come looking and dressed to a gathering. Dirty hair and ratty clothes arent frowned upon you dont have to comb your hair and put on a suit, God will accept you for that. That may be the case but have they ever heard of respect.John Pauls Health Raises Fresh Concern Vatican uprightness DoesntThis article discusses important and touchy issues, there is obviously a problem with John Pauls duties as the pope and it is raising or so concern. As the pope is getting older he is developing health problems such as Parkinsons diease. His health problem s are affecting his decisions and behaviour, such as when shortly after thanking the head of the Armenian Orthodox Church he suddenly slumped down in a chair and an aide read the rest of the text. Unfortunately there are no documented rules that say if popes mentally of physically cant do his job can have it taken away.

Difference Between Coe and Ece

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Some of the entering college students have the misconception that calculator Engineering and Electronics and Communication Engineering are only the same. But these are definitely dissentent. This research willing specify the differences between COE and ECE. It will give information in choosing their career and it will also use as a guide for inward freshmen. Basically Electronics and Communication Engineering, deals in the study of communication and signals. It is a combination of electronics and communication. Communication like what we have nowadays radio waves, spectrum, etc.It requires also a study in electronics, which deals with circuits. It deals more with hardware like integrated circuits. logically it is also interlinked with computers. Computer Engineering is about the whole understanding of the concepts of computer. Such as operating system, programming, database, networks, software, hardware, etc. as this concept ar e essential for who will take this category. Based on the definition of the two mentioned course, the differences between can be seen. It only means that they are not the same because they differ on field of study.In terms of job they can get, of course they also differ. As this research continues, it will cite more differences of ECE and COE. This research will help the incoming freshmen to their toughest decision in choosing in their career. Statement of the Problems/Objectives What is the distinction between the courses of Computer Engineering and the Electronics and Communication Engineering? Why is that most of the students considered that the Computer Engineering course is under the Electronics and Communications Engineering? Why is Computer Engineering course does not have its own board examination? What are the differences of their fields, duties and specialization? Is it admittedly that COE came from the concept of ECE? Significance of the Study The researchers conduct this research for the benefits of the Incoming first year students of Computer Engineering in Bulacan State University to give them the vision of what COE is and how it is differ from ECE. The current second year students of the university to help them to choose between COE and ECE, and decide in third year either to stay in COE or dismission to other courses of Engineering like ECE. Readers of this research to give them knowledge about the COE and ECE courses of College of Engineering in Bulacan State University. Scope and Delimitation The research is about the simile of the courses of COE and ECE in terms of citing some of their differences and the details of each course and to prove that Computer Engineering is not under Electronics and Communication Engineering. The research also resolves the puzzle of COE being recognized as a major or course under ECE.

Learning Styles and Competencies Essay

Learning Styles and CompetenciesI found my personality spectrum to be true of whom I am as an person person. I understand psychology as a self-portrait of us and this allowed me to be exposed and confirmed my personality. I am a prodigious thinker because I love to solve problems while exploring new ideas and potentials. When I look back as a child I was very analytical and always kept to myself on figuring problems. This can establish well with math, science, or psychology in a field that I would never be bored of. I realize that when I think, I space out and find truth and this will always employ in my everyday tasks. I like to watch questions given time to figure out in my manner of learning.My other effectiveness is a giver, and I have strong merit of being unreserved and will always touch sure that I will make a difference. Whenever I perform my job duties I make sure I come in with good intentions. I deal with customer service all day and project task all in an eight mo ment shift. Many people I have seen in the past cheated or stole time that really affected the company along with the workplace. I move to talk to these individuals into just working as a aggroup instead of being a weak link. I am an easily approachable person, which make sense through this personality spectrum that people see through me. I love to talk business and make sure everyone wins which is a great strength I am well aware of.I know my strength and how I can utilize it further for my career and better myself as an individual. I acknowledge my weaknesses in organization and that adventurous type however, this does mean I can improve from what I falter. These are a series of habits and familiarized myself to mature better as an individual. I must find patience and take a day at a time to permit myself to understand where I must lead on, become comprehensive, and also have the courage to take further steps. One of the goals was to head back into school and finish what I had started. I have come a long way from when I was young, I have new experiences that motivate me to finish and succeed for my career. I need to write down my different goals, find others who share that common goal and experience what everyone has to offer. Iunderstand we ourselves cannot make alone but as a team we can. If I ever come through any issues, I understand my mentor can also guide me. This learning has helped me to understand further and apply myself for future experiences.

Teacher Motivation and Its Effect on the Academic Achievement

F any 2011 sexual urge struggles on Intrinsic Motivation in Hong Kong Higher info Hon Keung Yau Man Shan Kan City University of Hong Kong Alison Lai Fong Cheng Abstract The social occasion of this paper is to investigate if at that place are diametric aims of integral motive towards claim, curio and impertinent regulation among anthropoids and young-bearing(prenominal)s. This study concentratees are attained by conducting a passel (137 disciples) among a local university in Hong Kong. Results show that among every last(predicate) students, no egress males or females, their takes of internal penury towards study, curiosity and external are the resembling.Burger, Dahlgren, and MacDonald (2006) tack together that male frame one across high subjective demand to gamble when compared with female. Another study shows that masculine students piddle higher intrinsic motivation than feminine students when responding to competition (Conti, Collins, & Picariello, 20 01). However, when talking ab forbidden intrinsic motivation to study, will the result of comparing males and females still be the same? around Hong Kong people spend more than than twenty historic period to learn as much acquaintance as they enkindle to get high academic qualifications.Among all students, in that respect is a question of how students passel gain more than others when acquisition in the same reading environment, and whether any one sex has higher intrinsic motivation towards learning. Motivation is an essential element to directly affect students learning and performances. Some students may whole tone that they are not active but nether obligation to learn. It is due to lack of motivation in learning, which would not result in good performance. agree to Olsson (2008, p. 7), motivation is a reason or doctor or reasons for engaging in a detail activity, especially human air.The reasons can be basic needs, an object or a goal. Self-determination suppos ition (SDT) by Deci and Ryan (1985, 1991) is authorizedly the most comprehensive theories of motivation with empirical support. According to SDT, intrinsic motivation is defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions rather than for most separable consequence (Xie, Debacker, & Ferguson, 2006). It is the degree to which an individual chooses to accomplish an activity for pleasure and enjoyment (Olsson, 2008, p. 2). e-Journal of organizational training and lead record 9, numeral 2 3 autumn 2011 This quality of motivation is known as the most optimal kind of motivation as being entirely autonomous (Noel, Clement, & Pelletier, 2001 Remedios, & Lieberman, 2008 Gao, 2008). Students with intrinsic motivation complete tasks for fun or challenge instead of external stimuli, pressures, or rewards. They often have more interest, confidence and excitement in doing the task. According to Brophy (2010), intrinsic motivation emphasizes on motivation as selfdeterminatio n of goals and self-regulation of actions rather than motivation as response to felt pressures.In view of this emphasis of intrinsic motivation, this project tries to investigate assorted aspects affecting students learning so that their self-regulation of actions can be improved and learn without pressure. With this improvement, their academic performance can be enhanced at the same time. As few studies have focus of sexual activity difference on intrinsic motivation for Hong Kong students, this study conducted in a local university in Hong Kong tries to investigate if either one gender possesses higher train of intrinsic motivation.According to Narayanan, Rajasekaran, and Iyyappan (2007), females have higher intrinsic motivation in learning English than males among engineering university students. loaded turn, another seek by Shang (1998), it was strand that females have lower intrinsic motivation in physical rearing classes than males. A study by Schatt in 2011 focusing on subject of music found that female students have higher instrumental musical formula rate than males spot the amount of time spent on practice correlated authoritatively with intrinsic motivational beliefs.It raises a question whether females possess higher intrinsic motivation, which is investigated in this paper. In view that Ning and Downing (2010) have conducted a query study among 581 university students in Hong Kong and found that student motivation is the strongest predictor to their academic performance while few attempts to investigate more specific ciphers such as curiosity and external regulation that whether they affect intrinsic motivation among university students in Hong Kong, the relationship amid these factors and intrinsic motivation are deep investigated so as to improve student intrinsic motivation.Also, whether males or females would have higher direct of intrinsic motivation is also studied. These serve as the purpose of this paper. We attempt to fil l the search gap by asking the followe research questions 64 e-Journal of Organizational learning and leaders Volume 9, Number 2 number 2011 (1) Is in that respect any difference in the level of intrinsic motivation towards learning amid males and females for Hong Kong university students? (2) Is there any difference in the level of curiosity amongst males and females for Hong Kong university students? 3) Is there any difference in the level of external regulation between males and females for Hong Kong university students? These questions are answered by conducting a quantitative surveil among a local university in Hong Kong. The result indicates that there is no difference in the level of curiosity, external regulation or intrinsic motivation towards learning between males and females. The result implies that students, no matter males or females, their likeliness to be motivated to escape tend to be the same.Theory Background and Hypothesis Gender affects the skills or tra its people find fascinating or personally relevant (Sansone & Harackiewicz, 2003). It implies that different genders tend to have different information and thoughts. Different gender may therefore be destined to have different level of intrinsic motivation. In this fast-paced society, people need to have high competitiveness, wide range of knowledge and high capabilities in order to achieve eminent performance. Students having good academic performance were found to have higher intrinsic motivation.In this research, the focus is to find out if there is any difference regarding the level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation between males and females. Students in a local Hong Kong university are the targeted group. Differences in Gender Most of the previous researches are apt to suggest that female have higher motivation and more desirable learning than male students. Narayanan, Rajasekaran, & Iyyappan (2007) found that female university students studying Engi neering or Technology have higher motivation in learning English than males.It was concluded that female students studying learn English better than male students (Narayanan, Rajasekaran, & Iyyappan, 2007). Further to the explanation provided by Narayanan, Rajasekaran, and Iyyappan (2007), female have better listening skills, more concerned with input, i. e. listening, and tend to have better attitudes towards learning. Contrarily, male are less sensitive, more concerned with output, i. e. talking, and think in a more analytical way than female.These may be reasons explaining e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 65 Fall 2011 why females perform better in learning. It should be noted that the above research is for university students learning English. thither is a research focusing on another subject, music, conducted by Schatt (2011). The study showed that female students have higher instrumental musical practice rate than males while the amount of time spent on practice correlated significantly with intrinsic motivational beliefs.Motivational beliefs are guides of students thinking, feelings and actions in learning some subject areas and they can lead to success in learning (Boekaerts, 2002 Clayton, Blumberg & Auld, 2010). Another research focusing on subject of physical education, the result is different. One study by Shang (1998) in Taiwan focusing on physical education classes in high and also junior high school, it was found that female students have lower intrinsic motivation which is relevant to their interest or enjoyment and encompassd competence than male students in most of the sub- ordered series of the study, but have higher suit put into the learning tasks.It not only proves that learning environment is different for male and female students, but it also emphasizes that males perceive the learning environment as more challenging and competitive while females perceive higher threat than males in physical educati on classes (Shang, 1998). From several researchers investigating the levels of intrinsic motivation of students on different subjects, it resulted in different genders having higher intrinsic motivation towards various subjects. Therefore, it should not have any finis saying that a particular gender is inclined to have higher motivation on all subjects.Based on the above evidence, the study hypothesized Hypothesis 1 (H1) There should have no difference between males and females on the level of intrinsic motivation. wonderment Curiosity is defined as the intrinsic desire to know, to see, or to experience that motivates information seeking behavior (Zelick, 2007, p. 147). getting knowledge out of curiosity is considered to be intrinsically rewarding and highly pleasurable since it eliminates states of ignorance and uncertainty (Litman, 2005). There are not so many writings reviews regarding gender difference in the level of curiosity.In a previous study, it was found that males p ossess higher level of curiosity than females. This study was conducted among Israeli college students while there is no significant e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 66 Fall 2011 difference for the level of curiosity among American college student (Ben-Zur, & Zeidner, 1988). According to another study by Engel intemperately and Monsaas (1988), it shows that no significant gender difference was found among the urban elementary school students.It was also discovered by Sanders, Driscoll, Dixon, Pendergrass and Scales (2004) that there is no significant gender difference among middle school students either. From the above evidence, it is believed that there should be no gender difference in the level of curiosity among the Hong Kong university students. As a result of the literature review elaborated above, the second hypothesis was Hypothesis 2 (H2) twain genders possess equal level of curiosity. External Regulation External regulation is the mos t pressured and controlled type of motivation (Vansteenkiste, Sierens, Soenens, Luyckx, & Lens, 2009 Olsson, 2008, p. 47). Externally regulated students study for avoiding punishment, to obtain rewards or to meet external expectations (Vansteenkiste, Sierens, Soenens, Luyckx, & Lens, 2009 Xie, Debacker, & Ferguson, 2006 Olsson, 2008, p. 147). They feel that they are obliged to study. With the external pressured contingencies, they are mentally pushed to put effort into their studies. It is also indicated by Bowman (2007) that rewards and incentives provided by teachers can be utilize as tools to motivate students in their learning and achieve their goals.For the wording of external to describe the external regulation, its source can still be internal. For instance, students can push themselves by studying with feelings of guilt, shame and anxiety. It can also be positive feelings of pride and ego enhancement. When students are externally regulated through some internal sources, thi s type of external regulation is labeled to be introjected regulation. Another research by Olsson (2008) declared that externally regulated people carry out internalization and integration of their behavior. It will form introjected regulation.He also agreed that their behavior is related to or enforced by the expectations of self-approval or avoiding guilt and anxiety. This type of behavior has external locus of causality. With the internalization and integration of behavior becoming more advanced, it will shift to identified regulation and people will have perception of internal locus of causality. There is limited literature reviews regarding the gender difference on the level of external e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 67 Fall 2011 regulation.One study by Agina, Kommers, Steehouder (2011) discovered that gender has no effect on the level of external regulation one possesses. That reckons there is no particular gender possessing higher lev el of external regulation. Another study by Balaguer, Castillo and Duda (2007) focusing on pas seul motivation found that female athletes have lower level of external regulation. Since the latter one pertains to learning and doing sport while the former one pertains to the targeted students external regulation in learning, it is believed that there is no gender difference in the level of external regulation among Hong Kong university students.Based on the above evidence, the third proposed hypothesis was Hypothesis 3 (H3) Both genders possess equal level of external regulation. In this study, three elements were lose itd. They are curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation. Their levels within both genders are investigated. Hong Kong Learning milieu and study System Students in Hong Kong need to study with intense academic competition owing to the commercialization of education and rapid expansion of tertiary education (Gao, 2008).Although the increased number of un iversities may ease the academic competition for higher education places. The number of unemployed university graduate is also increased. Students in Hong Kong learn in a highly competitive, examination oriented and large classes with excessive amount of homework (Moneta & Siu, 2002). Moreover, English is widely regularly promoted to be essential for individuals social and locomote development (Gao, 2008 Davison & Lai, 2007). English is the medium of instruction among all universities in Hong Kong.These are the characteristics of Hong Kong education system, which tends to requires students remembering all knowledge and apply all the knowledge on the paper for the examination. Hong Kong Students may always have surface learning that they will engage in the shortcuts allowed in some courses and attain till the end without deeper savvy (Moneta, & Siu, 2002). There are eight universities in Hong Kong governed by the University Grants Council (UGC), which has an international membershi p.UGC has been assigned to ensure all standards and maintain the independence of Hong Kong universities after the handover to China (Kember & Leung, 2011). All universities were founded while Hong Kong was a British colony. They e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 68 Fall 2011 are consistent with UK standards and practices. Also, owing to the importance of globalisation and student exchange among the education, some top Hong Kong universities have been highly international in the outlook and can be compared with any other good universities in other countries.For Hong Kong education system, most university students are Chinese and aged from 18 to 22. Positive Relationship between Intrinsic motivation and Academic Performance According to a study conducted by Ning and Downing (2010) in Hong Kong focusing on investigating the relationship between intrinsic motivation and academic performance among university students, it was found that the relationsh ip is positive. Also, another research by Afzal, Ali, Khan, and Hamid (2010) among 342 university students in Pakistan generates the same findings that intrinsic motivation can promote more optimal learning and better academic performance.In view of these result, intrinsic motivation should be promoted for the sake of student academic performance. Research Methods Survey research among university students is used in this study to test the hypotheses stated above since questionnaire as an instrument for studying research problems is a survey tool for collecting data from people about themselves such as attitudes, thoughts, behaviors or concerning a social unit such as a school (Lanthier, 2002 Siniscalco, & Auriat, 2005). The research was completed in three universities in Hong Kong.Before the survey is mass produced and used to gather real data, pilot study was carried out to disclose problems and refine the wording, ordering, etc (Litwin, 1995 Hoinville, Jowell & Associates, 1978). Ten of my friends are asked to complete the questionnaires and give feedback independently about the questionnaires. The survey was then conducted by distributing questionnaires with covering letter explaining the purpose of the research to the university students individually. The questionnaire was averagely completed within 10 minutes.Subsequently, 200 questionnaires were given out to undergraduates from various universities in Hong Kong. A supply of 137 responses (with a return rate of 68. 5 per cent) were achieved, and the usability rate was 100 per cent since no incomplete questionnaires were found. There are nine statements (Table 1) for three variables curiosity (Mot_3, Mot_5, Mot_6, e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 69 Fall 2011 Mot_7 and Mot_8), external regulation (Mot_1 and Mot_2) and intrinsic motivation (Motivator_3 and Motivator_4).Those statements were taken from three questionnaires from three journals (Albrecht, Haapanen, Hall, & Mantonya, 2009 Vansteenkiste, Sierens, Soenens, Luyckx, & Lens, 2009 Lepper, Corpus, & Iyengar, 2005). 4-point Likert-type scale which is common rating format especially for educational survey research was assigned to all statements (Siniscalco, & Auriat, 2005 Allen, & Seaman, 2007). Removing mid-point category from Likert scale can reduce social oomph bias arising from respondents (Garland, 1991). Statements in questionnaire were ranked at (1) Very confessedly, (2) Sort of True, (3) Not Very True and (4) Not At All True.Table 1. Statements for Three Variables Variables Curiosity Statements Mot_3 I work hard in some courses because this represents a meaning choice for me. Mot_5 I work hard in some courses because I think I can apply what I learn to my incoming career. Mot_6 I work hard in some courses because I want to learn new things. Mot_7 I work hard in some courses because good results in school can help me get a better career. Mot_8 I work hard in some courses becaus e this is an important life goal for me. Mot_1 I work hard in some courses because thats what others (parents, friends, etc. expect me to do. Mot_2 I work hard in some courses because thats what others (parents, friends, etc. ) force me to do. Motivator_3 I work harder when I like the teacher. Motivator_4 I work harder when the subject is interesting and useful. info Analysis The purpose of this study is to test the gender difference on level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation. SPSS Version 17 is used to analyze the data in this study. This is sophisticated software for many scientists and other professionals to analyze statistics.Data analysis including frequency distribution is used to analyze the personal data of respondents. after(prenominal) that, mean and standard deviation are used to study the perception of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation different genders possess. Independente-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leade rship Volume 9, Number 2 70 External Regulation Intrinsic Motivation Fall 2011 try outs t test is then used to test all three hypotheses to see if there is any difference between males and females on the level of the three elements.Before the analysis, the collected data was examined to ensure that it is valid and reliable. It involves checking the usability and the validity of the responses on the questionnaires collected. Subsequently, reliability analysis using Cronbach alpha, which is a measure of internal consistency about how close elements are related to each other, is carried out to test the reliability of the variables (Nunnally, 1978 Prater and Ghosh, 2006). The test means the freedom from random error (Alreck, & Settle, 1985). The Cronbach alpha take to bes (Table 2) of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation are 0. 57, 0. 622 and 0. 685 respectively. A take to be of 0. 60 is also used as the practical lower bound (Narasimhan & Jayaram, 1998). Therefor e, reliability figures in this study, which exceed the abide by of 0. 60, can be perceived as acceptable. This study can be considered as reliable. Apart from reliability testing, factor analysis was also utilized to establish construct validity. Results of factor analysis can be used to ensure that questionnaire used in this study is valid (Field, 2005). Factor loading is used to analyze the validity of measurement scales with familiar value of acceptance as 0. 0 (Anderson, & Gerbing, 1998 Fornell, & Larcker, 1981). The variable of curiosity includes five items. A factor analysis for those items was conducted for the five items. Factor loadings ranged from 0. 542 to 0. 783. The variable of external regulation includes two items. Factor loadings are 0. 852 for both items in the factor analysis. The variable of intrinsic motivation includes two items. Both factor loadings are 0. 872. All values of factor loadings in the questionnaire are greater than 0. 3. Hence, this scale is ret ained.As a result, it can be concluded that the measurement scale is valid and reliable. Table 2. Mean, Standard Deviation, and Cronbach Alphas of Three Variables Items Curiosity External Regulation Intrinsic Motivation Note n = 137 Mean 2. 0569 2. 8139 2. 0255 Standard Deviation . 51732 . 62722 . 61334 Cronbach alpha 0. 757 0. 622 0. 685 71 Findings The demographic statistics of the respondents were analyzed. Table 3 shows the understate e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 Fall 2011 of totally 137 respondents, in which 65. % are males. 99. 3% are between 21 and 25 years old. All of them are studying Engineering in a local university in Hong Kong. More than half of them are year 2 university students. With 56. 9% promote to university through Joint University Programmes Admissions System (JUPAS), it indicated that they have been studying and encountering different level of motivation in learning for at least 18 years for education system in Hong K ong. Table 3. Descriptive Statistics of Personal Data of Respondents Minimu Std. N m Maximum Deviation 13 1. 00 2. 0 . 47648 7 cumulative Frequency Percent 72 Gender Male Female Age Below 21 Between 21 and 25 Above 25 twelvemonth Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Promotion JUPAS NON-JUPAS 90 47 13 7 1. 00 3. 00 . 50523 55 81 1 13 7 1. 00 5. 00 . 61495 14 79 44 13 7 1. 00 2. 00 . 49699 78 59 65. 7 100 40. 1 99. 3 100 10. 2 67. 9 100 56. 9 100 Valid N (listwise) 13 7 All respondents completed a questionnaire asking their reasons of study in terms of whether they perceive the specific statement as Very True (1), Sort of True (2), Not Very True (3) or Not at all True (4).The reasons in the questionnaire pertain to the three variables (curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation) investigated in this study. e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 Fall 2011 Mean and standard deviation were used to examine the level of their perception of the variables. The v alues of mean, standard deviation and Cronbach alpha are shown in Table II. Results show that university students have slight perception towards having curiosity and intrinsic motivation, but not external regulation. It is indicated by the mean score of 2. 569 for curiosity, 2. 8139 for external regulation and 2. 0255 for intrinsic motivation. Independent sample t-test was used subsequently to test if there is any different in the level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation between males and females. H1 This hypothesis predicting that there is no significant difference on the level of intrinsic motivation between males and females was supported since the t value is 0. 498 and the significant value is 0. 620, which is higher than 0. 05. With the mean difference of only 0. 05508, it shows no significant difference between both genders.H2 This hypothesis predicting that there is no significant difference on the level of curiosity between males and females was suppo rted since the t value is -0. 112 and the significant value is 0. 911, which is higher than 0. 05. With the mean difference of only 0. 01050, it shows no significant difference between both genders. H3 This hypothesis predicting that there is no significant difference on the level of external regulation between males and females was supported since the t value is 1. 222 and the significant value is 0. 224, which is higher than 0. 05. With the mean difference of only 0. 3771, it shows no significant difference between both genders. To conclude, all three hypotheses are supported via the above results. It shows that both genders possess equal level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation. Discussion and Implications Results indicate that the levels of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation for university students in Hong Kong are roughly the same among different genders. It can be interpreted by the same education environment for both genders. Stud ents in Hong Kong receive education under the same educational systems and approaches among different genders.Therefore, it contributes to both genders having the same level of characteristics affecting their learning and also intrinsic motivation. Moreover, there is a part of university students in Hong Kong, no matter males or females, studying subjects that they are not interested in owing to the emphasis of education e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 73 Fall 2011 qualification for students future careers in Hong Kong society. As a consequence, the education they are receiving cannot make a difference of various perspectives affecting learning on different genders.That is why there is no difference for males and females on the three factors that is supposed to students learning. Difference on Level of Intrinsic Motivation between Males and Females Supported by several researchers with this result, Narayanan, Rajasekaran, & Iyyappan (2007) conc luded that female students studying Engineering or Technology learn English better than male students. Meanwhile, from a research of Shang (1998) in Taiwan focusing on physical education classes, it was found that female have lower intrinsic motivation than males but with higher effort put into the learning tasks.Another research conducting by Schatt (2011) focusing on subject of music found that female students have higher instrumental musical practice rate than males while the amount of time spent on practice correlated significantly with intrinsic motivational beliefs. Therefore, it should not have any conclusion saying that a particular gender is inclined to have higher motivation on all subjects since university students always involves studying English, Chinese culture and their major altogether.The result of this research study showing that there is no difference between males and females on the level of intrinsic motivation support the hypothesis 1 (H1). Difference on Level of Curiosity between Males and Females Supported by several researchers with this result, Engelhard and Monsaas (1988) concluded that there is no significant gender difference on the level of curiosity among urban elementary school students. Moreover, same study outcome was resulted in a study by Ben-Zur and Zeidner (1988) focusing on American college students.Therefore, there should be no significant gender difference on the level of curiosity among university students in Hong Kong. The result of this research study showing that there is no difference between males and females on the level of curiosity support the hypothesis 2 (H2). Difference on Level of External Regulation between Males and Females Supported by several researchers with this result, Agina, Kommers, Steehouder (2011) found that gender has no effect on the level of external regulation one possesses.Although Balaguer, Castillo and Duda (2007) focusing on sport motivation found that female athletes have lower e-Journ al of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 74 Fall 2011 level of external regulation, this study concentrated on students sport motivation and the study of 2011 as mentioned pertains to students learning. As a consequence, there should be no significant gender difference on the level of external regulation among university students in Hong Kong.The result of this research study showing that there is no difference between males and females on the level of external regulation support the hypothesis 3 (H3). Implication for Practice The implication for practice in this study is to let universities identify if one of the genders possess higher level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation so as to bring the awareness of universities and students about their ways of teaching and it offers more information for lecturers and professors to implement different practical methods to improve students learning performance.Furthermore, this study can let uni versities know if they need to focus on one particular gender when teaching due to the different level of learning characteristics or intrinsic motivation. It can help schools develop deeper understanding among students. Limitations and future opportunities There are primarily two limitations in this project. Firstly, the sample size of some subgroups is not even. The sample size of males is 90 while that of females is 47. The significant level may be influenced owing to unbalanced distribution of sample size.Also, the investigated school is only one local university in Hong Kong, the survey result may not be legate to the general situations of university students in Hong Kong. The second limitation of this study is that the sample size is not large. Less than 200 samples were collected. It may make the survey result not representative enough to show the general learning environment for university students in Hong Kong. Apart from the limitations, there are several future research opportunities from this study.The first is to extend this current study to a larger sample size among Hong Kong university students to get a more representative result. Secondly, since there is limited literature review investigating the gender difference in curiosity, external regulation and also intrinsic motivation, which is what this project focuses e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 75 Fall 2011 on, it is suggested to apply this type of research to similar research study in primary schools, secondary schools, overseas schools, or among students studying associate degree in Hong Kong.The result may be different. This research study also lacks deep investigation. This study is empirical that involves only quantitative research. The survey was conducted in form of questionnaires and without faceto-face interview. The focus of the investigations in this study is on the existence of the relationships. Further research can be done concentrating on deeply investigating why there is no significant gender difference on the level of intrinsic motivation, external regulation and curiosity. Thereby, all these can be a further research for future development of education.Conclusion Throughout the study, there is investigation of the existence of gender difference on the level of curiosity, external regulation and intrinsic motivation among the targeted group of university students in Hong Kong. This study was conducted in a local university in Hong Kong. The survey result supports all three hypotheses defined in this research study. It shows that there is no significant gender difference on the level of intrinsic motivation, curiosity and external regulation (H1, H2 and H3 respectively). References Afzal, H. , Ali, I. , Khan, M. A. , & Hamid, K. (2010).A Study of University Students Motivation and Its Relationship with Their Academic Performance. International Journal of note and Management, 5(4), 80-88. Agina, A. M. , Kommers, P. A. M. , Steehouder, M. M. (2011). The effect of nonhumans versus humans external regulation on childrens speech use, manifested self-regulation, and satisfaction during learning tasks. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 1129-1142. Albrecht, E. , Haapanen, R. , Hall, E. , & Mantonya, M. (2009). alter secondary school students achievement using intrinsic motivation. Unpublished masters thesis, Saint Xavier University Chicago, IL. Alreck, P.L. , Settle, R. B. (1985). The Survey Research Handbook. San Diego Richard D. Irwin, Inc. e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 76 Fall 2011 77 Allen, I. E. , Seaman, C. A. (2007). Likert Scales and Data Analyses. Quality Progress, 40(7), 64-65. Anderson, J. C. , & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural Equation Modeling in Practice A Review and Recommended trip the light fantastic toe Approach, Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411 423. Balaguer, I. , Castillo, I. , & Duda, J. L. (2007). Propiedades psicometricas de la es cala de motivacion deportiva en deportistas Espanoles. Revista Mexicana de Psicologia, 24(2), 197207.Ben-Zur, H. , Zeidner, M. (1988). Sex Differences in Anxiety, Curiosity, and Anger A CrossCultural Study. Sex Roles, 19(5), 335-347. Boekaerts, M. (2002). Motivation to learn. Educational Practices Series-10, The International Academy of Education. , & The International Bureau of Education France. Brophy, J. (2010). Motivating Students to Learn. New York Routledge. Clayton, K. , Blumberg, F. , & Auld, D. P. (2010). The relationship between motivation, learning strategies and choice of environment whether traditional or including an online component. British Journal of Educational Technology, 41(3), 349-364.Davison, C. , & Lai, W. (2007). Competing identities, common issues Teaching (in) Putonghua. oral communication Policy, 6, 119134. Deci, E. L. , & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum Press New York. Deci, E. L. , & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self Integration in personality. In R. Dienstbier (Ed. ), nor-east Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 36, pp. 237-288). University of Nebraska Press Lincoln. Engelhard, G. , Monsaas, J. A. (1988). Grade Level, Gender, and School-Related Curiosity in Urban Elementary Schools, Journal of Educational Research, 82(1), 22-26.Field, A. P. (2005). Discovering statistics using SPSS (2nd ed. ). Sage London. e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 Fall 2011 Fornell, C. , & Larcker, D. (1981). Structural equation sits with unobservable variables and measurement error Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing research, 15, 282-388. Gao, X. (2008). Shifting motivational discourses among mainland Chinese students in an English medium tertiary institution in Hong Kong a longitudinal Inquiry. Studies in Higher Education, 33(5), 599614. Garland, R. (1991). The Mid-Point on a Rating Scale Is it coveted?.Marketing Bulletin, 2, 66-70. H oinville, G. , Jowell, R. , & Associates (1978). Survey Research Practice. Heinemann Educational Books London. Kember, D. , & Leung, D. Y. P. (2011). Disciplinary Differences in Student Ratings of Teaching Quality. Research in Higher Education, 52(3), 278-299. Lanthier, E. (2002). Psychology Research Methods. Retrieved from http//www. nvcc. edu/home/elanthier/methods/index. htm Lepper, M. R. , Corpus, J. H. , & Iyengar, S. S. (2005). Intrinsic and foreign Motivational Orientations in the Classroom Age Differences and Academic Correlates. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(2), 184-196.Litman, J. A. (2005). Curiosity and the pleasures of learning Wanting and liking new information. Cognition and emotion, 19(6), 793-814. Litwin, M. S. (1995). How to measure survey reliability and validity. Sage Publications, Inc. California. Moneta, G. B. , & Siu, C. M. Y. (2002). Trait Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations, Academic Performance, and Creativity in Hong Kong College Students. Journal of College Student Development, 43(5), 664. Narasimhan, R. , Jayaram, J. , (1998). Causal linkages in supply chain concern an exploratory study of North American manufacturing firms.Decision Sciences, 29 (3), 579 605. Narayanan, R. , Rajasekaran N. N. , & Iyyappan, S. (2007). Do female students have higher e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 78 Fall 2011 motivation than male students in learning of English at the tertiary level?. Online Submission Ning, H. K. , & Downing, K. (2010). The reciprocal relationship between motivation and selfregulation A longitudinal study on academic performance. Learning and Individual Differences, 20(6), 682-686. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometic Theory. McGraw-Hill New York. Olsson, F. M. (2008).New Developments in the Psychology of Motivation. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York. Prater, E. , & Ghosh, S. (2006). A comparative model of firm size and the global operational dynamics of U. S. firms in Europe. J ournal of Operations Management, 24, 511529. Remedios, R. , & Lieberman, D. A. (2008). I liked your course because you taught me well the influence of grades, workload, expectations and goals on students evaluations of teaching. British Educational Research Journal, 34(1), 91-115. Sanders, M. E, Driscoll, L. G. , Dixon, B. , Pendergrass, B. J. , & Scales, G. R. (2004).The Effects of Gender Grouping and Learning Style on Student Curiosity in Modular Technology Education Laboratories. Virginia polytechnic institute Institute and State University Blacksburg. Schatt, M. D. (2011). High School Instrumental Music Students Attitudes and Beliefs regarding Practice An Application of Attribution Theory. Applications of Research in Music Education, 29(2), 29-40. Shang, I-Wei. (1998). An Analysis of the Relationships between terminus Perspectives, Perceived Learning Environment, and Intrinsic Motivation by Skill Levels and Gender in Adolescent Boys and Girls in Taiwan, Republic of China.Appli ed Image Inc. New York. Siniscalco, M. T. , & Auriat, N. (2005). Questionnaire design. Quantitative research methods in educational planning. International Institute for Educational Planning/UNESCO Paris. Vansteenkiste, M. , Sierens, E. , Soenens, B. , Luyckx, K. , & Lens, W. (2009). Motivational Profiles From a Self-Determination Perspective The Quality of Motivation Matters. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(3), 671-688. Vansteenkiste, M. , Zhou, M. , Lens, W. , & Soenens, B. (2005).Experiences of familiarity and Control Among Chinese Learners Vitalizing or Immobilizing?. Journal of Educational e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2 79 Fall 2011 Psychology, 97(3), 468483. Xie, K. , Debacker, T. K. , & Ferguson, C. (2006). Extending the Traditional Classroom through Online Discussion The Role of Student Motivation. J. Educational Computing Research, 34(1), 67-89. Zelick, P. R. (2007). Issues in The Psychology of Motivation. Nova Science Publis hers New York. 80 e-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership Volume 9, Number 2

The Educational System Trying

Is the guarantee of safety of others a compelling reason in which to form and maintain policies that make in all school aged athletes or anyone who is involved in school based duplication curricular activities subject to a mandatory drug screening or does this become a violation of constitutional rights? Can it be said that those in a choir or band recital pose skillful as much threat as those in vigorous sports and if so what kind of dangers do these people emit?Just how far can schools go in their policies befire they become shut down indefinitely when it comes to making policies For the greater good? It all started in 1995 when an Oregon school won their case in which they chose to make all athletes be drug tested. In an outcry the students filed suit and in the end it was the school who prevailed. Since then more and more schools are adopting or have done so or at least trying to adopt that same policy, many have succeeded with little to no issue plot others have acted as th e Acton family did in the Oregon case.Schools claim that in having a drug testing policy for athletes that this will help allay future endangerments and encourage a healthier stance not only with the athletes but with the other students as nearly. Furthermore, the Oreogn school won their case for only those who are involved in athletics, not those that are involved in other extra curricular activities such as band or choir. The case in Oregon do in to the exacting beg contenind violations of the fourth and fourteenth constitutional amendments.The Fourth amendment protects us against unreasonable search and seizures and that we are protected within our homes as well as the schools in which we attend and any other facility. The word reasonable has come into play through the course of arguments when arguing that forcing drug testing with no reasonable grounds went against this. With each case beingness different, the definition of reasonable also expands.The captain of a football team may be use as well as distributing and in this would lie reasonable cause for drug testing but the argument, as of 2000-2002, from yet another sort out thought-provoking a schools policy, is why should drug testing be enforced upon students when there is no reason visible per that student or conference of students? But the Fourteenth amendment has also been cited no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law and in forcing students to barge in to drug testing simply because there is a policy allegedly violates this as suddenly they have been deprived of due process.So once again, another group of students have stepped forward, some outraged at the fact of a drug policy being implemented, not only for those who are athletes or in extra curricular activities but for all students, regardless of any exhibits or miss thereof of drug use and regardless of any known or terra incognita associations with any person who is thought to be a use r. Simply, the case of Earls v. Board of Education of Tecumseh Public School District claimed a definitive violation against them stoutly claiming the fourth amendment.In favbor of the Earls case, the Drug Policy Alliance Network filed a brief regarding this case, also contesting mandatory drug screens for all students. It has been claimed that sports actually is haven for drug renounce electric razorren and thus a protection. According to experts from the American Academy of Pediatrics, the National Education Association, the American Public Health Association, the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug addiction and several other prominent national organizations that thay all disagree with suspicionless drug testing of high school students engaged in extracurricular activities. (http//www. drugpolicy.org/law/drugtesting/students/ tertiary paragraph). So with all of this, 10th Circuit held that the drug testing policy at issue violated students Fourth Amendment rights but in 2002 the Supreme romance reversed that decision and upheld that schools policy and then the ACLU took notice of this case and along with other similar cases, is challenging these violations of the violated constitutional rights. charm the ACLU and circuit motor hotels strike down the policies of schools with regards to their drug testing policies, the Supreme Court and the National Drug Control agency are for it and each side is push button forward to be heard.Now the landmark of all of this is the fact that the 10th Circuit Court control against the Board of Education, the Supreme Court then came along and ruled digest in favor of the Board of Education and in the same month the Supreme Court ruled against the Board of Education. A Supreme Court ruling against each other in the same month, unheard of. Justice Ginsburg in a subtle fashion held the school responsible more for their lack of proper concern and reasons in which to hold every child in punishment form for something that only some have done.He claimed this disregard as if the protective responsibility was being taken a lot to far. To this day, this last decision has not been reversed. Any school interference or other law enforcement intervention upon a students rights while at school must closely abide by the Vernonia, Oregon ruling of reasonableness. With these different factions going back and forth over what is quickly becoming an age old argument both sides have valid points but in the end it needs to be realized that drug testing students just because they can has proven to be of little to no use, not to mention a definite violation of legalities.Expert opinions of kids being driven away from sports due to this policy holds high validity. Where a child might be currently using, sports may also be the place that gets the child to stop using. In the end, regardless of testing, children will use and always have access to drugs should this be their decision and no school policy or court opin ion will deter that. It hasnt in hundreds of years and it isnt about to start now. WORKS CITED BOARD OF ED. OF INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DIST. NO. 92 OF POTTAWATOMIE CTY. V. EARLS (01-332) 536 U. S.822 (2002) 242 F. 3d 1264, reversed. June 27, 2002 . http//www. law. cornell. edu/supct/html/01-332. ZD1. html NPR. Nina Totenburg. The Supreme Court and Brown v. Board of Ed. Feb 6, 2009 http//www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=1537409 Drug Testing Students. Drug Policy Alliance Network. 2009. Http//www. drugpolicy. org/law/drugtesting/students/ Reasonline. com. The Supreme Courts ruling on school drug testing will hurt public schools more than the one on vouchers. July 1, 2002. http//www. reason. com/news/show/32704.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Essay

There ar many events in a persons life that can be considered accidental injurytic. Trauma can be easily described as a distressing experience caused by an event or physical injury. The symptoms that follow a traumatic event can include disassociation, hyperarousal, and avoidance. some(a) people choose to cope with their symptoms in many different ways such as spunk abuse, medication, and/or therapy. When working with trauma thither are many diverse forms of interposition. essence Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing EMDR is one form of treatment that appears to be effective.Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is a treatment used in psychotherapy to alleviate distress associated with trauma (Shapiro, 1991). During EMDR clients reprocess tuition while focusing on external stimuli such as, lateral marrow movements, hand tapping, and audio stimulation. Francine Shapiro developed EMDR in 1987 after discovering that eye movements had a desensitizing effect on herslef , and excessively after experimenting she set that others withal had the same response to eye movements. In 1987, Shapiro named this approach to treatment Eye Movement Desensitization.A case study was conducted to mental test the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization. The results indicated there was a significant decrease in distress and increase in confidence in positivity (EMDR Institute, 2012). When this treatment was first discovered it was reported it serves to decrease anxiety and did not claim to eliminate all posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Gaining feedback from clients and clinicians this treatment continued to develop. In 1991 reprocessing was added to eye movement desensitization creating EMDR.Adding reprocessing was to reflect the insights and cognitive changes that occurred during treatment and to identify the information processing theory (that Shapiro developed) to explain the treatment effects (2012). In 1995 the EMDR International affiliation wa s founded to establish standards for discipline and practice (Shapiro, 2001). There have been many studies published in regards to posttraumatic stress disorder and demonst evaluate the effectiveness of EMDR. EMDR therapy happens in eight stages. EMDR requires clients to think closely the ultimo, present, and future.The first phase is designed to obtain history and likewise to develop treatment planning. Obtaining history information can take one to two sessions or it is something that is continuous throughout therapy. Clinicians entrust discuss with the client the specific problem and symptoms resulting from the problem. The client does not have to give much detail in regards to history. Some people will share and give great information and specifics and there are others who are only comfortable sharing limited information.With the background information and history collected, the therapist will be able to develop a treatment plan that will identify targets on which to use EMD R (Shapiro, 1991). Targets are the events from the past that created the problem, situations that cause distress, and skills client needs to learn for future well being (1991). The second phase is preparation, it is important to explain the theory of EMDR and how it works. Establishing rapport to ensure clients are reporting accurate feelings and changes that are experienced during eye movements is helpful (Shapiro, 2001).The second phase of treatment the therapist will also ensure the client has some(prenominal) ways to cope with difficult situations. The therapist is able to teach different techniques of imagery and stress reduction techniques that clients can use during sessions. The techniques are used to promptly produce change in emotional encumbrances (2001). The client at this point is learning self care. The third phase is assessment, in this phase the client will select a specific memory/picture from the target event. At that time a statement is chosen that expresses a negative self notion associated with the event (Shapiro, 2001).The negative beliefs are verbalizations of negative and disturbing emotions that still exist. The common statements include I am bad, I am worthless, I am nothing, and so forth The client and then picks a positive statement to replace the negative belief. The positive statement should reflect what is appropriate in the present (2001). The client is then asked to estimate how true they feel the positive statement is using the one to seen Validity of light scale one equals only false and seven equals completely true (Maxfield, 1999).Also, during the Assessment Phase, the person identifies the negative emotions along with physical sensations associated with the memory. The client is asked to rate disturbance on the Subjective Units of Disturbance (SUD) scale, with zero reflecting no disturbance and ten reflecting the worst feeling ever had (1999). The next phase focuses on the clients emotions and sensations as they ar e measured using the stew rating (Shapiro, 2001). The desensitization phase people reprocess past events while focusing on an external stimulus.This phase allows a chance to identify and resolve alike events that whitethorn have happened and are associated with the specified event/memory. During desensitization, the therapist will lead the person in sets of eye movement with appropriate changes of focus until his SUDs levels are reduced to zero or a low number. Another phase is the installation phase. The intention is to increase the positive belief that the person has set previously to replace the negative belief.The goal is for people to identify and believe in their positive statement and scoring it high on the Validity of Cognition scale. After the positive belief statements and installation the next phase which is the body scan phase, the client is ask to think about the past target and asked to bill sticker and focus on changes in body. The seventh phase is closure. In th is phase the client is asked to keep a log during the week of anything related to the memory that may arise. The goal is to ensure that the client leaves feeling better than the beginning of treatment (Shapiro, 1989).It is reported if the processing of the traumatic target event is not complete in a single session, the therapist will assist the person in using a variety of self-calming techniques in order to regain a hotshot of stability. The last phase examines the progress made thus far. The therapist makes sure positive results on scales have been maintained. The reevaluation phase is vital in order to chink the success of the treatment over time (Maxfield, 1999). Clients may feel relief almost immediately with EMDR however it is as important to complete the eight phases of treatment.The goal of EMDR is to produce the most comprehensive and profound treatment effects in the shortest period of time, while simultaneously maintaining a stable client. The beginning of EMDR appears to be like to moving picture therapy. There are several studies and reviews that have been completed to test the effectiveness of EMDR in treating trauma. EMDR has been found to be an effective treatment for trauma. It has also been found to work faster than other therapies (Cahill, 1999). A study done by Davidson and Parker compared EMDR to no treatment and compared it to other exposure therapies such as prolonged exposure (2001).This study explored thirty four studies on the effectiveness of EMDR in treating trauma. It was discovered that among the thirty four studies, EMDR was found to be effective with an effect size of . 83 when compared to no treatment. It was also found to be a better choice of treatment than other non-exposure therapies such as CBT which only had an effect size of . 55. Controlled energy studies report a decrease in PTSD diagnosis of 70-90% after three to six sessions (Chemtob et al. , 2000). EMDR has been compared with cognitive behavior therapy in past clinical trials.EMDR has also been compared with and found superior to a wide range of other treatments, such as relaxation therapy, biofeedback, standard mental health treatment in a managed care facility, and active listening (Maxfield, 1999). Evidence based support has led to EMDR being acknowledged as effective in the treatment of PTSD. Independent reviewers for the American Psychological Association reports EMDR and exposure therapy as empirically validated treatments (Chambless et al. , 1998). Also the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies designated EMDR as effective for PTSD (Shalev et al. , 2000).They far-famed that EMDR is more efficient than other treatments as it used significantly fewer sessions than behavior therapy and took less time (2000). Cahill found similar results in a literature review conducted. They found that as a whole EMDR is effective in treating trauma, but that it is equally as effective when compared to other exposure therapies (1999). S ome studies also indicate that EMDR may be more easily tolerated by clients than other exposure therapies. In a study by Schubert, it was discovered the use of eye-movements in the EMDR process reduced the pulse and heart rate in clients (2010).This suggests a calming experience as the process progresses. EMDR has been extensively researched in the treatment of trauma survivors. EMDR has been tested with survivors of a wide range of traumatic events, using a variety of control conditions, in multiple types of settings, by numerous researchers (Maxfield, 2002). Research has also investigated the use of EMDR with victims of rape, physical assault, childhood abuse, natural disasters, accidents, and other traumas (2002). EMDR is a therapeutic technique in which the patient moves his or her eyes back and forth, while concentrating on the target event or memory causing distress.The therapist waves a stick or light in front of the patient and the patient is supposititious to follow the mo ving stick or light with his or her eyes. EMDR is fast and rapid approach to therapy. While there are many supporters of this type of therapy there are many critics that believe EMDR is pseudoscience. It is suggested, wit evidence based information EMDR is an effective treatment. It is important to note that only clinicians who have received specialized training in EMDR are able to conduct it.

Palamon Love Essay

Palamon wants Arcite to let his eyes of Emily and not interfere, but Arcite evidences l get byd her first as women and on my head I swear, love is a greater law than any other that may be given to any earthly man. (pg. 89) love replaces all other commitments. They both show each other how much they love Emily. Later on, they both somehow manage to get come on of prison. First, Arcite got out and after seven years Palamon.They both suddenly meet at grove in ngry looks and want to fight for Emily, while Theseus appearing there also with his wife and Emily. At first Theseus wanted to kill them, but seeing the situation of theirs he changes his mind and sets up arena for them to fght. They both are clear to do anything to grant Emily as wife. Then, Theseus builds 3 temples. Venus (the goddess of love), Mars (the god of war), and Diana (the goddess of chastity). Palamon went to Venus to ask to get Emily, Arcite went to Mars to ask to win the war, and Emily went to Diana to ask to sa y virgin or else marry a guy love her the most.After that, the battle begun and Arcite won the war with the help of the god that he visited, and Palamon lost, but in the end Palamon won and got Emily. Palamon won because of Pluto who sent earthquake at Saturns request for Venus. Arcite dies because of earthquake and fell from his horse and hits his head to ground. He died as noble knight to get Emily, and didnt care about his brotherhood relationship with Palamon while fghing against him for Emily. The knight is noble, conqueror, gentle and has pity, which he is similar to Theseus the character in the story that he is telling.The gentle duke jumped down from his horse with pitying heart as he heard them speak. (pg. 77) Theseus takes pity on those women that he meets on his way and gives what the women asked for. Which it looks like that the Knight is describing himself as Theseus. He likes fghting from the beginning so he made arrangement for Arcite and Palamon to fght over Emily. T he story starts with battle of Amazons and after he marries the queen of Amazon as price of winning a battle besides the story also ends with Palamon marrying Emily in which he also get her by winning the battle.

SAP APPEAL

My attention and time were constantly strained by all of the extensive materials required by the courts in this case. Moreover the date of my trial was changed several times dragging through this past summer and all of this is behind me now. Am looking forward to get-go college again and experiencing some positive growth in my life and career, ND to also set a good example for my daughter as I am a single parent trying to make a difference.My desired outcome of my financial aid appeal is to be approved which actor to have another chance at finishing college because if dont get this chance again I know for a fact that I will neer finish college, as work a minimum wage job and have a child to take care of, and I want to bump our life. I understand will be put on financial aid probation. I feel very nonevent that I am able to detain my coursework and improve my academic progress.I intend to register and repeat the coursework in the classes that failed. I will also use the assignmen t planner to help me stay on track. Am enclosing a part of my divorce decree showing when we got separated and when moved out DCE 201 2 but we were having problems way before that, and my daughters operating theatre follow up appointment date. Appreciate you time, understanding, and consideration of this request. Thank you in advance.

Practical Life Exercises in Montessori Essay

If teaching is to be effective with young children, it must tending them to advance on the way to liberty. It must initiate them into those kinds of activities, which they can perform themselves. We must attention them to learn how to walk without assistance, to run, to go up and down the stairs, to pick up fallen objects, to dress and undress, to wash themselves, to indicate their emergencys, and to attempt to satisfy their desires through their own efforts. All this is part of an education for independence. (The Disco very of the Child, MM, pg. 5657) EPL is the abbreviation of Exercises of Practical Life .These exercises argon simple everyday actions which are normally performed by the adults in daily life, like washing, dressing, cleaning, brushing, eating, cooking and religious teachings and practices like how to pray, greet another(prenominal)s, knock at the door, drink water etc . are all part of EPL. EPL for the children in growing and learning phase is important as th ey teach them the fructify way to conduct daily routines of everyday life. Practical life activities give the child an understanding of the environment and how it works. Two main purposes of practical life exercises First is the dignity of work. In the past, the child had an opportunity in the home to fold clothes, pour water, fetch and sweep. As a result, children developed motor skills of adorn and peregrine movement at an early age. More importantly, children developed competent participation around the home and the emit of their environment. Second reason for the practical life exercises is to en adequate to(p) children to organize themselves as functional human beings. To do this we must begin by the time the child is two years old, generally physical and primarily concerned with himself. We must help him to become master of himself and then he will be able to master other subjects. Below being discussed are few reasons why EPL should be encouraged For independence and l ove for work EPL helps children to become independent and confident. Parents at this stage should avoid to give superfluous help to the children, as they are required to do their work by themselves and they want adults to help them in doing thing not doing things for them. This love for work and independence increases self-esteem of the child and helps in making him a come apart adult for the society For happiness,self-satisfaction and self-respect a child between the age of 0-3 loves to work and learns very quickly.This time should be utilized properly and activities should be taught very seriously. Our attitude while teaching should be supportive and generous. In return we will create an adult who will be happy, self-satisfied and deferent to the society. For making the world a better endow beginning from the Montessori class the child learns that there is a place for everything and everything has a place. This same principle helps in making this world a better, organized and t idier place to live in. children by seeing their adult role models learn to place everything back to its original position. To benefit Normality In age of development child has certain strong urges If these urges are overcome by the adults and environment, developmental process gets disturbed and deviation occurs. Normality, on the other hand is a state in which all the urges of a child are being fulfilled and he is satisfied with his environment. Normality is the weird goal of EPL.Learning to give and take help EPL is extremely helpful in developing grace and courtesy in a child. The child learns how to ask for help or give him in a graceful manner. As adults these children learn to embark in household chores knowing that each one has to participate to run the home as a family. For passing on good habits a child learns, idolizes and imitates his adults. If adults recoil about work the child will automatically avoid all kind of work. Thus we need to pass on good work habits to cr eate a positive attitude in the coming generations. For developing love of universe a child develops love and care for the universe and all other life forms by doing exercises related to care of living things, care of the environment, exercises of grace and courtesy and exercises of personal care. He/she develops a personality of a person who is responsible and peaceful and who cares about everything. For perfection of movement by nature a child is constantly on a move.EPL exercises keep the child constantly on a move with interesting activities which help develop his movement and reflexes. For avoiding personality disorders The child who really lacks confidence has illogical the confidence and courage which every child starts with in the first years, reason is that his help was not delightful to the mother or adult in charge. Children lose the urge to learn these skills by the second effect of development. They like then to learn to cook, to use electric machines, butnot to do things they should have lettered earlier. Dr. Montessori called these sensitive periods. If this time of special sensitivity is not used, it is lost. It does not come again. We must go on to the next stage of learning. Thus we should provide maximum opportunities to the child during this phase to maximize his learning and development.

Racial Profiling Essay

Racial pen is a big issue. legion(predicate) deal rich person been victimised be execute of cops and other high regime senseless attitudes on how to handle the honor. What muckle have to realize is that racial indite does happen to unbiased people who atomic number 18 mostly targeted or pursued because of their race or neartimes even off because of their religious belief. These things can also cause citizens to become very angry and unwilling to abet with right enforcement. Racial profiling has been the cause of many outbreaks of riots. on that point has even been many riots because of innocent people cosmos racial profiled against ca utilise citizens to become antagonistic, bitter, and hateful towards the law. This can be a problem because they even target good law of nature. The cause of racial profiling can start non only aggressive attitudes, except a shift in the views of how law of nature treat citizens. Racial profiling is a system that police and other law enforcement agents use to catch some maven who has committed a crime or is about to commit one. It is a polemic method. In fact, even the meaning of racial profiling is controversial (Kops, Pg. 9).Racial profiling is a very controversial topic, because this topic makes people uneasy to talk about. Its especi totallyy hard for victims who have been racial profiled against because of the memory of their terrible experience. In 1942, over 120,000 the Statesn were unembellished of their business and their homes and incarce judged for the duration of World War II. They had committed no offense. They were convicted of no crime. They were suspected, subjected to curfews, arrested, had their property confiscated, and finally engrossed because of the color of their skin and their national origin or the national origin of their parents (Meeks, Pg. ).Situations like this can cause a shift in the government where they have constant issues on how to approach citizens because of the fear of being accused of discriminating against people. This sometimes has citizens wondering is it okay for police to check you if they think you are committing a crime? Well in that respect have been mixed answers when the law is confronted with this question. Also this can cause tensity between cops and the law enforcement because of all the animosity and stress of being constantly accused of racial profiling. There have been retired cops who have written books talking about their experience as a cop.Some hand over details that outsiders wouldnt feel about the cops secret jobs. Is it possible that good police are afraid? This could be the reason why they could also be afraid that if they tell in like manner much they could possibly lose their job. But upright as there are good cops, there are also tough cops. Like the ones who harass people for no reason simply because of the sensual features. An officers daily duties require them to violate the rights of others, without quest ion, on a repeated basis (see motion-picture show 2min in). Police routinely fine or jail, at taxpayer expense, people whose crimes lack an actual victim.Whether it is for driving without a license, disorderly conduct or illegal drugs, police are the ones enforcing such laws. More surprisingly is it seems they do so only because they are told to, and believe such violations are acceptable to keep others safe (this doesnt even include officers who blatantly and knowingly abuse their power) (Freeman). Is it a thing of giving law enforcement in any case much power? Many people have many complaints that the law has access to how they suspect if the individual is in the wrong. This is a prime example of why there can be a breakup between cops.However, often many good cops are targeted for a crooked cops bad deed. With this happening it scares away potential cops who are afraid of this horrible thing happening to them, which has citizens and other authorities on edge. The lack of law enforcement would be a huge problem without the law the crime rate could possibly reach an ultimate high. Law enforcement is supposed to be put in place as a security, and protection for citizens. But how can you trust them when they also commit crimes. It makes it even harder for citizens to report a crime because they are afraid of what might happen to them.Bad cops are considering somewhat professionals at wrench big schemes. They can pull off these schemes because of the connections they have with even high authorities. Some schemes could be fasten to drug trafficking and many other things. But are once they are accused of such grievous crime, why are these issues sometimes forgotten about? Its like the process of prosecuting these police are constantly kept quiet. Well its about time that its brought public. Negative stereotypical biases of black viriles overshadow any appearances that they are law-abiding citizens.Indeed, in the eyes of many law enforcement officers, an Af rican-American male driving a Mercedes-Benz projects the presumption of illegal activity, not the presumption of a hard working citizen (Weatherspoon). tutelage these things private can cause more attention to what are they really doing. But no one is taking a stand and asking questions simply because of fear of becoming a target of the police. The endpoint driving while black has been used to describe the practice of law enforcement officials to stop African-American drivers without presumptive cause.The practice particularly targets African-American males. African-American males are not only singled out while driving, but also while schooling, eating, running for political office, walking, banking, serving as a juror, getting a taxi, shopping, and just being black and a male. The mere fact of being black and male in America is sufficient cause for governmental and private law enforcement officials to abridge the rights of African-American males. This is not to suggest that law enforcement officers can never consider race when performing their job (Weatherspoon).African American males are not the only people who are targeted. For example, during the Holocaust Jews were killed, beaten, starved, and a lot of other horrific things all because of their religion and race. The European Holocaust of the 1930s and 1940s, which cost millions of Jews (and other ethnic groups) their lives, led many Jews and non- Jews alike passim the world to believe that a Judaic homeland was necessary. During and after World War II, many Jewish refugees found themselves without a nation and with nowhere to go (Jones, Johnstone, Pg. 358). Racial profiling seems to never have an end.Many cases you hear about how racial profiling unruffled exists til this very day. The question that everyone should be asking is, why should a psyche race, religion, or beliefs determine how they are judged? Racial profiling is an abusive practice that targets innocent citizens solely because of the way that they look. It is not an effective law enforcement strategy. Research shows that racial profiling diverts officers attention from using actual, objective signs of suspicious behavior to effectively assess situations. Racial profiling erodes trust between law enforcement and its confederation.As a result, people are less likely to report a crime or work with the police to give information that could apprehend an actual criminal (Elliot). This statement is true racial profiling really is not a strategic method. Since this method has been put in place it has make nothing but cause an upset to the community. Communities have had negative feelings towards racial profiling. So why is this still a method? No one seems to ask this important question that could mixed bag the law enforcement system. ever-changing the system could make a better relationship between citizens and law enforcement.Because more citizens may be willing to open up more to the law, without feeling like they cant trust police. forwards this solution could be an option the law enforcement should make an extra effort with making sure that the community knows that they can trust they are truly secured. While there have been attempts to end racial profiling in Congress, no bill has successfully been passed. Communities across the country have been subjected to this useless, degrading tactic for as well long. Now is the time for Congress to reintroduce and pass comprehensive legislature to end racial profiling (Elliot).Congress has yet to make any decisions about eliminating racial profiling. But that doesnt mean that change wont happen. Racial profiling as stated in within this research piece is a very controversial topic, but it also a sad topic. The way a person can be mistreated just because of the color of their skin. When reading the facts about racial profiling it is saddening to know that a person can be humiliated and tortured over nothing. Victims of racial profiling are caught off guard, because they have no clue of why they have become a target.Some people are targeted because of their religion for example a Muslim lady could become a target of racial profiling because of her head wrapped. Muslims have became targets ever since the 9/11 incident. Since September 11, 2001, members of Arab, Muslim, and South Asian communities have increasingly been searched, interrogated and detained in the name of national security, often times labeled terrorism suspects when in reality many were only charged with misdemeanors or minor immigration violations, if they were charged at all (Racial Profiling Face the Truth Campaign).African-American males are also targeted, because of how they present themselves. This can make some African- American males uneasy to go out in public, because of the fear of being watched and seen for the clothes they wear. As a result, community members become less likely to assist with criminal investigations or seek protection from police whe n they themselves are victimized, which makes everyone less safe (Racial Profiling Face the Truth Campaign). Communities are now starting to produce together, by not helping the police. Some feel that they should not help the police when the police rape innocent people.

Response to Robert Frost’s “Education by poetry” Essay

In his address instruction by Poetry given at Amherst College in 1930, Robert rime introduces the two roles of meter in education. The low role is that through poetry we cultivate our taste. The second role, which is said to be more crucial, is that poetry teaches us how to discern and understand parable in our life. Having read that poetry helps us with our handling parable, I by nature reached ane simple question. Why is it important to have an ability to identify and comprehend metaphor in our life? In the next paragraph, I would like to give my answer to this very question, simultaneously demonstrating Frosts linear perspective point on the importance of the ability. Then, in the third paragraph, from my viewpoint on metaphor, I would like to go further deeper to examining the strengths and failinges of unmatchable metaphor.To show why it is important to recognize metaphor in our life, the connection amid metaphor and thinking on which Frost sheds fresh light in his address is the key. In general, metaphor is a word or phrase used to describe something or somebody else. More specifically, metaphor expresses one thing in terms of an other(a), therefore creating relative determine and a certain friendship between them. According to Frost, this conception of metaphor is the same as that of thinking. To think of one object is to relieve that object in terms of another object, and so is to think of a person, an event, and so on. Hence, an amazing thought, which Frost similarly reasons, stack be reasoned metaphor binds everything in this world together.For when you think of something, you argon associating it with other thing, which averages creating a metaphor, and this applies to all objects, persons, and events that have been recognized in the world. In other words, we construct the world in the form of collection of metaphors. In the world full of metaphor, why shtup it be petty(a) to handle metaphor well? To correctly understand relative values and kinds of associations among metaphors in the world, to discern metaphor in our life, is vital because, as Frost also implies, accurate understanding and recognition of metaphor mean correct conception of the world around us and, thus, our safety.In this paragraph, I would like to examine one metaphor, especially its strengths and weaknesses, from my viewpoint on metaphor. As explained in thesecond paragraph, there are relative values and a certain association between two things involved in metaphor. These values and association are crucial and have to be rational and appropriate in creating a sound metaphor. Yet, there is one decisive factor that changes the rules of metaphor, that is, for whom the metaphor is created. Depending on for whom, metaphors relative values, association, strengths and weaknesses vary drastically. Lets take a look at the metaphor the war on terrorism. Suppose that this is created for America, as in reality, its strengths are, first, that the wor d terrorism gives right and evaluator to those who are fighting against it.Second, the word terrorism represents vice in those who have been considered terrorists. Third, the word terrorism can point to any states, to which Americas high places seek its way. On the other hand, its weakness is that because of depersonalizing, though meaning the marrow East countries, the word terrorism can offend any states with which America currently has friendship. All these strengths and weakness do not have to be necessarily right or fair and so may be irrelevant to proper relative values and associations. As Frost cynically says, the devil can quote Scripture.As a conclusion, we live in the world built upon metaphor, the world full of metaphors whether they are wide or bad. Hence, to correctly comprehend metaphor is to correctly comprehend the world around us and to warrant our safety. After all, no matter where and how you live, we have to learn metaphors mounted with poetry.Bibliography- Probert Frost Education by poetry

Partnership with parents Essay

In recent years, an array of legislation and guidance has emerged under the present new Labour government to bring unneurotic a co-ordinated poser of services to address the cargon and pro triggeral ask of squirtren. The government has expressed its intention, DfES (1997) and DfES (2003) to place works at the fondness of a new multidisciplinary approach to childrens services with improved communication and consultation between informs, together with other service earmarkrs, and pargonnts, as one of its principle aims. umteen commentators such as Nind et al (2003) Williams (2004) and Berk (2004) obligate note the wideness of parents as the prime educators of their children and the issue of establishing productive partnerships between enlightens and parents has been addressed through a number of different perspectives. It seems that the strategies employed to overcome barriers and build constructive kinships must be situated at bottom a shallow ethos of genuine inclus ion which values parents views and contri plainlyion which, in turn, shadower only prove childrens attitudes to scholarship. Effective Home- domesticate cooperative preparation stimulates and imbues children with a despotic market-gardening of development.Brooker (2002) and May both (2002) waste noted the ways in which children, and parents, are effectively socialised into the pedagogical ethos of their childs prepare and show that parents conformity to this ethos has commonly underpinned many models of parental closeness. As Brooker (2002) argues, an open door policy which ostensibly invites parents in to see schoolingroom practice and consult with cater does not necessarily constitute a temper conducive to genuine collaboration in the educative process.The research presented by Brooker (2002), whilst focalizationing primarily upon primal years knowledge cultures, has provided roughly useful insights into the ways schools conceptualise their relationships with families and, conversely, how parents experience schools. She found that, from early on childrens schooling, school staff attitudes towards parents were highly influenced by their avow perceptions of the extent to which parents expressed their interest in, and became concern with their childrens education.Brooker (2002) identifies a wide gulf between the beliefs and values of formal educators and what she calls the mountain of invisible enthronizationmade by parents. She cites the work of Vincent (1996), for example, highlighting the negative perceptions of parents by teachers and suggests that, essentially, teachers tend only to welcome the involvement of those parents who do not contest school policies and practices or undermine their authority.In similar vein, Beveridge (2004) asserts that teachers attitudes potful much be negative and stereotypical regarding parental motivation, competence and acquisitions in the educative domain and further much, parents are often aware of this and are adversely affected. She suggests that parents experiences of schools and school staff will inevitably be enhanced when they emotional state respected in their own right as parents, and equally importantly, when they perceive that their child is a positively valued member of the school (Beveridge, 2004). Congruently the more involved parents are in what goes on in the classroom the more likely they are to understand the teachers goals and practices.Warren and new-made (2002) identify tailfin broad areas presenting barriers to forming internal-school partnerships. Firstly the ever-changing fluid nature of family demographics impinges on the development of dynamic partnerships. second an entrenched school ethos often creates barriers to effective culture-change and schools are too set in their ways to bosom parental involvement in affairs of curriculum, decision- do and administration. Thirdly, the financial burden of developing partnerships with parents is a stra in some schools feel basenot be justified and resources hire to be channelled into more pressing areas and some teachers are uneffective to relinquish any degree of control to parents in the classroom.Fourthly, parents may lack the necessary skills to assist their childrens educational development. Finally, communication is a pivotal building block of home-school partnerships and critics often point to the odds-on relationship between schools and families in this area communication is one-way traffic from the school to the parent and on that point is not enough thought or dialogue disposed to the way parents flowerpot provide stimulation to the school or childrens eruditeness. The development of partnerships between home and schools with the mutual ac friendshipment of the diverse but essential roles of the other is not an easily accomplished task but neither is it an impossible task.School staff attitudes, and indeed school ethos, seem central to the tone of relationships that can be developed with parents (Beveridge, 2004). look into conducted by Bastiani (1992) and Coleman (1998) found that whilst parents commonly expressed their need for training virtually the approach, attainments and possible difficulties regarding their childrens schooling, they in any case wanted reassurance that school staff understood their childs personal and social necessitate, as nearly as their academic needs. Beveridge (2004) extends this view and draws from her own research into parents views, suggesting that teachers need to acquire the skills to elicit and respond to parents own in-depth knowledge, perspectives and insights ab step up their childrens needs. This implies that teachers should be equipped with a high level of sensitivity and interpersonal skill vis--vis the parental perspective so that they may provide honest, clear and accurate information about the learning and behaviour of individual children at school.Hornby et al (1995) and Hornby (2000) rei terate this point and argue for an extension of teachers skills to incorporate the principles, pinched from the counselling arena, of quick, non-judgemental listening and joint problem-solving techniques. Hornby (2000), for example, calls for skilled assertiveness that allows teachers to be both direct and diplomatic in their interactions with parents, and to respond constructively to disagreements and criticisms when these occurHornby (2000) argues for a reciprocal, comprehensive framework of home-school cerebrate at heart which every family has a place, not just those few whose own culture and practices are in line with those of the school. Parents knowledge of their children, together with the contribution they can make to teaching, is seen as strengths universal to all families.Hornby (2000) and Nind et al (2003) argue it should besides be recognised, however, that parents maintain different levels of need in terms of information and support. Beveridge (2004) agrees that parents accumulated, in-depth knowledge about their children can greatly enhance teachers understandings. In her discussion of parental involvement in the monitoring deviceing and assessment of childrens academic progress, Beveridge stresses that teachers need to include areas of comparative strength and ways in which these can be built upon, rather than a sole focus on difficulties and deficits. Whilst Beveridge is primarily discussing those children deemed as having special educational needs here, this observation equally wellapplies to the assessment of all childrens progress. Although it seems clear that discrepancies inevitably will hold out between the views of parents and teachers, a striving for mutual understanding and a greater accentuation on the positives can do much to engender positive attitudes for both parents and children.The current Head Teacher of Sacred nervus Catholic Primary School Mr Mullan stressed the purpose of the home-school partnership in terms of ma king an agreement between the school, the family and the student which will religious service parents staff and students to work successfully together and assistant improve standards of education for pupils. This is done through a variety of ways ranging from regular homework for parents to fill in with their children and for pupils with learning difficulties a variety of visual and auditory activities are sent home. Each term targets are set for the pupils and parents are sent copies to help them support learning, an example cited was the suggestion parents allow their children to handle money and pay for the weekly shop to help increase their understanding of money in relation to maths.Pupils also find a home school communication book. The school runs workshops throughout the academic year to help parents participate in their childs education and eat up included in the past Sing-along instruct or Literacy and ICT workshops. The school also places great emphasis on parental help in the education process in the form of parental class assistants. The school takes great pride in the accompaniment several parents have gone on to forge a career as a teacher after starting out as class assistants. The Head Teacher stressed the partnership revolved around good lines of communication between both parties.In the arena of parent/teacher consultations, Bastiani (1992) place particular pre-requisites for success in ensuring that both parties are heard. Firstly, she suggests that parents must have sufficient information about the nature, purpose and length of the convened meeting and an luck to clarify and add items to the agenda. Secondly, a constructive focus needs to be established and decisions on subsequent actions to be taken understood and agreed by all participants. It must be recognised that some parents will require more support in these matters than others.Finally, as highlighted by DfES (1997), schools need to consider carefully the range of opportun ities they can provide for parents to become involved and also the forms of assistance that might be needed to enable parents to participate fully.Tizard et al (1981) Hannon (1985) Mills (1996) and Beveridge (2004) are stinging to stress there is much evidence for the effectiveness of well-planned schemes of parental involvement in the teaching of reading. provided Mills (1996) highlights the crucial role that parents can play in developing literacy skills with their children, pointing out that the one-to-one relationship is clearly more valuable to the child than the 30 to one ratio typical in the mean(a) classroom. Mills (1996) suggests that simply sending books home is insufficient but also notes that parents may sometimes need support and advice about effective models of hearing their children read. As Warren and Young (2002) succinctly urge on appropriate instructional materials and teaching methodologies should be utilized.Gregory (2000) echoes this view and expresses conc erns that traditional schemes may not be suited for all families. She recommends that schools consider different approaches which might better fit the needs of families. For example, a sole focus on story books might be extended, or replaced, by making use of other kinds of literacy experiences at home and also to include other members of the family and community. The aim here is not simply to follow the schools approach to literacy, and indeed other curriculum goals and activities, but to build connect between home and school. Such home-school partnership arrangements may sustain literacy acquisition but it has to be noted this makes constitutional presuppositions about the abilities of parents from a diversity of backgrounds and cultures to support the literacy development of their children. no all parents possess the motivation allow alone the cognitive ability to enhance the literacy acquisition of their children.Warren and Young (2002) draw attention to the importance par ental involvement plays in boosting positive learning attitudes amongst children in Mathematics, Science and Technology because academic learning activitiesthat are completed at home promote the childs achievement at school and this further impacts on a positive learning culture as parent and child attitudes about school become more positive through academic interactions. Parents who embrace an unrestrained joy for a particular area of the national curriculum and who transmit such infectious enthusiasm to their children need to be harnessed by schools. This is what Freud (1991) terms projection or the transference of an emotion or character singularity onto another person. Parents who project positive learning attitudes onto their children need to be nurtured by schools because they help foster an inhering motivation within children to learn for the sheer pleasure of it.Recent government initiatives such as every Child Matters and Higher Standards, Better Schools for All More Cho ice for Parents and Pupils has urged schools to be a more socially cohesive and responsible participant in community relations as well as lift closer home-school partnerships. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is at the forefront of facilitating this challenge and connecting home and school through an array of initiatives. Firstly it offers wholesale opportunities for children by providing continuity of learning outside regular school hours and parents provide appropriate mentoring, challenge and support. This presupposes the ICT infrastructure within schools can cope with the rapid growth of collaborative learning and schools need to formulate cohesive and appropriate e-learning strategies.Secondly it empowers parents to support their childrens learning vis--vis responsibility, cognizant choice and appropriate support. Impact on the engagement of parents can be profound through unspoiled use of a schools website or virtual learning environment to suggest how parents can supplement and support the national curriculum. There is the scope for wider engagement as long as ICT is employ in a meaningful way. It has benefits for both parents and schools parental participation will increase if they are given a real voice which in turn provides schools with raw data on how best to service the interests of its pupils and their parents.Thirdly, the home environment is a hub of learning powered by the dynamics ofthe internet and schools can provide valuable advice and guidance to parents on the use of ICT to support pupil learning outside the classroom. Some schools have set up homework clinics and utilize parents as on-line experts to bring together the rich tapis of ICT and parental resources in educating children. Again this presupposes parents have a tacit and intimate relationship with ICT skills and such skills have to be framed around legitimate data protection issues.Finally, it acts as a focus for a culture of learning within the community as a whole but this almost presents more challenges than rewards. For instance, should the level and location of remote access be fixed or mobile or by chance a combination of both, what are the logistics of this and what are the financial costs of such access, how can secure and condom access to personal work files be guaranteed, how can genuine collaborative engagement with other learners be rendered, how do parents interpret and respond to the assessment of their childrens e-learning and how and who will provide appropriate parental training to enable them to fully support ICT home-school practice. Nevertheless a modern ICT home-school partnership offers up an abundance of resources outside the remit of traditional teaching methodology and offers substantial potential for fostering positive learning attitudes amongst children.Mills (1996) has recorded that whilst many schools have developed strong home/school links with parents, especially through reading schemes, there has been less success in nonage language communities and suggests that schools have found that heathenish and linguistic differences have created barriers to collaboration and this has impacted negatively upon childrens academic progress and motivation at school. Similarly, Berk (2004) observes that many ethnic minority parents are uncomfortable about going to school and often lack the skills, knowledge and confidence to support their childrens progress in majority culture language work. Ofsted (2000) claims black and ethnic minority pupils are disadvantaged by an education ashes that perpetuates inequalities. This then creates a barrier to fostering sufficient levels of parental involvement amongst ethnic minorities.Mills (1996) describes the experiences of Asiatic parents in Birmingham, most particularly those from Pakistani, Northern India and Bangladeshi cultures. Evidence from initiatives in two Birmingham primary schools to foster home-school links yielded a number of recommendations fo r schools in minority language communities.These include the development of books and information in a variety of local languages as well as the use of multicultural materials and activities within the school for all pupils to generate an atmosphere of greater understanding and inclusion for all children, regardless of cultural background. Most importantly, as Mills (1996) asserts, parents need to feel positively welcomed by the school through the creation of a genuinely open environment. Berk (2004) underlines this view and suggests that teachers must make extra efforts to integrate ethnic minority values and practices into classroom life and regularly contact parents who dont come to conferences and school events.Many commentators have situated the notion of partnership between schools, parents and the community within the wider context of school ethos and inclusive practice. Dyson (1997), for example, has observed that many of the educational difficulties experienced by children, such as disaffection, disruption and underachievement are associated with social disadvantage. Croll (2002) underlines this and highlights the clear links, also, between parental socio-economic status and social, emotional and behavioural problems, as well as the learning difficulties which come under the banner of special educational needs. Parents experience of high levels of stress, perhaps in poorer, run-down neighbourhoods, can adversely affect not only their interactions with their children but also their dealings with education and related services (Beveridge, 2004).Teachers may hold stereotypical, negative views of such families which impede the quality of home-school relationships. Bastiani (1997) points out the increasing recognition that there is a diversity of successful parenting styles and that teachers can acknowledge this and adopt a more positive approach which builds on parents own strategies for raising their children. Ball (1998) and White (1997) have describe on successful Portage schemes for parents of children with learning difficulties involving short-term learningtargets agreed with parents. Beveridge (2004), however, highlights the potential stigmatising effects of these schemes when they are curb to families with children deemed as having special educational needs and argues that these specific strategies should be available for all families.The current take the field for schools to be placed at the centre of the community (DfES, 2003) has been championed by Berk (2004) as a prime opportunity to nurture the collaborative work of teachers, parents and children. She cites Connors and Epstein (1996) who argued that when parents are involved in school activities, talk regularly with teachers, monitor their childs progress and help with homework, children show better academic achievement (Berk, 2004, p.206). It seems that the strategies adopted by schools to establish strong home/school links must be situated within the wider educatio nal ethos and practice of the school in put in to be truly effective. Factors such as co-operative dialogues, joint problem-solving, staff training and support are flagged up as key objectives for the whole school in order to provide experiences for children that are as encouraging, enriching and educative as possible. (Berk, 2004).Within the true spirit of partnership, however, the ethos of the learning community demands that all those involved in this inclusive enterprise of educative enrichment need to play an active role. Thus, as Berk (2004) suggests, parents also have a responsibility to become knowledgeable about what constitutes high quality education and they can then press for better classroom experiences for their children. Teachers and parents, together with children, need to build bridges and it seems crucial that each plays an active role if their strategies are to be truly reciprocal and successful. Further to this the childs perspective is an integral part of this r eciprocity. Children are active social agents and not merely peaceable recipients of learning processes and they have a personal perspective on their own experiences, aspirations and needs which cannot be inferred from having adults speak on their behalf (Beveridge, 2004).In conclusion, then, primary schools can do much to engender strong home/school links, particularly through the cultivation of more positive andnon-judgemental attitudes towards families, in recognition of the contribution that all families can make towards their childrens education whatever their social and cultural background. As commentators such as Beveridge (2004) and Berk (2004) have highlighted, however, true partnership implies that all those involved, adults and children alike, have a role to play in the development of successful collaborative strategies. 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