Resistance to British Nationalism Free Essays

string(120) certain guidelines for the better administration of the undertakings of the East India Company, too in India as in Europe. Since the French Revolution, the possibility of self-assurance has spread all around the globe, bringing together people groups inside countries, beginning new transformations, deleting realms, liberating provinces and startling present day states. There are not many models clarifying the rise of patriotism and the meanings of this wonder change from a creator to another. Anthony D. We will compose a custom exposition test on Protection from British Nationalism or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Smith says it is an ideological development targeting arriving at self-assurance and freedom for the sake of a country. He likewise says that mankind is normally partitioned into countries. However, this idea is somewhat uncovering the patriot perspective in light of the fact that a brief glance in the past is sufficient to show that the autonomy procedure isn't natural. Numerous essayists like Boyd Shafer and Louis Snyder have contemplated the subject since World War I so as to clarify the subject however †as says Arthur Waldron †encasing patriotism in a hypothesis has end up being a troublesome assignment. A recorded instance of the patriotism issue is the patriot development in India. Indians commended 50 years of autonomy from British principle in August 1997. The finish of the domain in India was a monstrous hit to British colonialism. This research paper first investigations the means of the western interruption into India and afterward attempts to depict how the Indian patriotism was conceived. At the point when the European people group started to extend in India, another lifestyle entered urban areas. It was replicated by the indigenous individuals who were enticed by western procedures. Occidental training was the primary vector of cultural assimilation since youthful Indians were open to the European message. So the new Indian age immediately got patriot, communist, and democrat. Bosses like Cavour or Mazzini were the new legends for the youthful understudies. That is the reason the British government restricted the investigation of British History of the XIXth century in Indian schools. Be that as it may, it was at that point past the point of no return. The procedure couldn't be halted at that stage. Indians had obtained a superior information on European culture and it was not gotten without study. European creators who were enthusiastic about scrutinizing Europe †Tolstoi, for instance †affected India. So it appears that the presentation of western thoughts and their scrutinizes added to the rise of patriotism. The inception of the indigenous tip top to Western History would have established their journey for autonomy, following a patriot conspire transmitted by occidental instruction. A complex of inadequacy started to spread among Indians, for the most part due to the British supremacist mentality. Europeans were disregarding the Indian culture. From the 1830s, bigot developments started to cause British individuals to feel prevalent. They considered Indians as genuinely and ethically tested. This mediocrity was validated by the disappointment of conventional rebellions like the Mutiny in 1857. Tara Chand1 says that Indians were dazzled by the obvious prevalence of their colons in war, in organization, and in industry. Indians needed their nation to rank among the large countries, strategically and modernly. From the 1870s, they got mindful of their esteemed past and government officials started to utilize that contention in their talks. Those equivalent lawmakers likewise utilized strict merriments to spread their patriot message. The informed world class could show improvement over the Congress by utilizing the strict field. Political exercises could then enter the littlest town because of religion. This strategy permitted pioneers to bring together a rising populace. Mother India was conceived. 1Chand, Tara. History of the Freedom Movement in India. a. The East India Company and the Conquest of India The aims of the shippers who shaped the East India Company and those of Queen Elizabeth I were once in a while coordinated by the result. The endeavor neglected to accomplish its expressed targets †it established little connection with the Dutch control of the flavor exchange and couldn't build up an enduring station in the East Indies in the early years †but prevailing unimaginable in setting up military predominance and a political domain for Britain in India. By the center of the seventeenth century the East India Company could be discovered exchanging nearby Indian traders in the East, and the Company transported products as assorted as material from southern India to Sumatra, and espresso from Arabia to India. Benefits in this manner produced were furrowed go into purchasing the flavors required back home. Slowly the Company developed its capacity base in India, opening up exchanging posts Madras and Calcutta, and ruined French endeavors to imitate it there. From these protected establishments it had the option to search out new markets and hotspots for exchanging items. As European enthusiasm for the East Indies expanded, so the Company adjusted local plans and items to suit Western tastes †the development of the Kashmir cloak industry, and the improvement of the structure that has gotten known as Paisley being one such model. The procedure of regional development that began with the addition of Bengal, the â€Å"private trade† which empowered merchant’s in the Company’s administration to make fortunes as an afterthought, combined with a significant level of debasement, implied that an ever increasing number of men looked for their fortunes in India. The early way of life of the dealer swashbuckler in the Company’s exchanging presents gave route on an increasingly regular society, with its clubs, holy places and social capacities. The accessories of cultivated life must be imported from England, and many were adjusted to suit the new conditions. Wicker excursion hampers and carbonated water all advanced from the necessities forced by the cruel Indian atmosphere. Gigantically rich men coming back from Company administration to England pulled in much jealousy as they purchased up nation houses and seats in Parliament, and a large number of these â€Å"nabobs† kept the propensities they had learnt in India. By the mid nineteenth century the East India Company’s writ reached out across the greater part of India. In 1773 the British government assumed control over some duty regarding administering British India. The â€Å"Regulating Act† set up a senator general and gathering designated halfway by the East India Company and incompletely by the administration. It was a represent building up specific guidelines for the better administration of the undertakings of the East India Company, too in India as in Europe. You read Protection from British Nationalism in class Article models Here is the start of it1: While the few forces and specialists conceded by sanctions to the unified organization of dealers in England exchanging toward the East Indies have been found, by experience, not to have adequate power and viability to forestall different maltreatment which have won in the legislature and organization of the issues of the said joined organization, also at home as in India, to the show injury of the open credit, and of the business interests of the said organization; and it is along these lines become exceptionally convenient that specific further guidelines, better adjusted to their current conditions and condition, ought to be given and set up: †¦ †¦ And, for the better administration of the said joined company’s issues in India, be it further established by the power previously mentioned, That, for the legislature of the administration of Fort William in Bengal, there will be named a senator general, and four guides; and that the entire common and military administration of the said administration, and furthermore the requesting, the board and legislature of all the regional acquisitions and incomes in the realms of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa, will, during such time as the regional acquisitions and incomes will stay in the ownership of the said joined organization, be, and are thus vested in the said representative general and chamber of the said administration of Fort William in Bengal, in like way, to all aims and purposes at all; as a similar currently may be, or whenever to this point may have been practiced by the president and gathering, or select panel, in the said realms. c. Conflict of Cultures and the Reasons of the Conflict There are three explanations behind the Indian clash: †the strict clash among Hindus and Muslims †the social clash about the Untouchables †the pioneer strife about the status of India In the three clashes, the primary on-screen character was Gandhi himself. In the principal strife, the battling foes were the Hindus and the Muslims; in the subsequent one, the enemies were the Untouchables and Gandhi †who were battling for their motivation â€, and the convention protectors; in the last one, the foes were India and the British government. In this way, Gandhi was the connection among Indians and the legislature. Note that the primary clash was existing before Gandhi even interceded. 1 Internet Modern History Sourcebook In 1857 the British confronted a risky defiance, normally called the Indian Mutiny, a polemical name inferring that it was the revolt of wayward fighters. As a matter of fact it was a revolt of the Indian armed force, drove by their officials, known as sepoys. Numerous Indians outside the military had been eager for a considerable length of time. Rulers had been vanquished and ousted. Landowners had lost their property and been supplanted by ones all the more agreeable to the British. Strict opinions were kindled. The British viewed Indian convictions as awful: they had prohibited the suttee, or widow consuming, and stifled the Thugs, a little faction of Holy Assassins. One official even pronounced that the British would cancel the ranks. Baffling purposeful publicity likewise coursed all over India. It invaded the sepoys, who declared to Muslim fighters that specific recently gave cartridges w

How to Choose Your Personal Expressing Essay Topics

How to Choose Your Personal Expressing Essay TopicsPersonal expressive essay topics have changed over the years and a lot of people get confused about what topics to use when writing an essay. Many different people use different topics in their essay, but the bottom line is that whatever you write must speak to you as a person. A truly effective essay has unique content and should appeal to both your audience and yourself.The topics that you can use for your personal expressive essay should be based on your interests and hobbies. It's not necessary to talk about current events or concerns, but it would be good to tell about something that's interesting in some way.A lot of essays focus on their topic by using statistics or 'fact' statements. It doesn't really matter if these facts are true or not. The point is that they are based on facts and any opinions that you may have about the subject matter should be represented in your writing. Some people like to emphasize their own perspect ives on the subject matter and others prefer to avoid too much controversial material.You can also include some personal opinions or even personal stories about your experiences with the topic. When writing about your personal opinions about the topic, try to be as brief as possible and try to express yourself in terms that are understandable to others. Be sure to avoid using language that is based on fact or that is based on opinion.Try to keep your essay short and to the point. Trying to go into detail too soon in your essay can make it seem as though you are going over things in the last few paragraphs. Do your best to stick to a one-page outline to avoid missing details.Remember that when writing about an experience, such as writing about a trip to the beach, the personal expressive essay topics should not be based on a specific location, but on a particular experience you had while there. It may be the last day of your life or the last day of your childhood.Of course, the topic s you choose should reflect your personality and style, and should not necessarily reflect the type of essay that you're writing. Since the topic of your essay will determine the topics you use, it's important to select topics that suit your style and that will appeal to the audience you are addressing.Some people are naturally writers, while others are natural essayists. If you are going to write an essay, you might as well choose a topic that reflects your personality and interests.

Corporate real estate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Corporate land - Essay Example The land advertise has to a great extent received the idea of out-entrusting as demonstrated by various research considers. A portion of the regular undertakings identified with land that are generally out-entrusted incorporate land financier, advertise examination, site determination, exchange the board, venture the executives just as development the executives. On account of land, out-entrusting essentially includes doling out the work associated with specific land errands instead of appointing the all the obligations engaged with land as a venture. The basis behind administrators choosing out-entrusting instead of re-appropriating is that they need to hold power over the corporate procedures (Zeffane, 2005, p. 30). Out-entrusting is frequently utilized as a vital impetus that directors use to excuse the procedures of the business. For example, official in the land showcase do a complete examination of the general land methodology when settling on the choice to out-task. A portion of the choices are alloted to a confided in counsel who decides the pieces of the land procedure that will be out-entrusted and the ones that will be dealt with inhouse. This is to guarantee that there is the correct distribution of assets and ability comparative with the business and expert partners. Much of the time, out-entrusting is utilized as a strategic execution of systems that are predictable with the corporate destinations of offices the board (Williamson, 2004, p. 119). Research contemplates demonstrate that the land showcase is one of the enterprises that have embraced the idea of out-entrusting. This has been significantly affected by the developing needs of corporate clients. This implies experts in the land advertise have the obligation of making an incentive notwithstanding lessening costs. Cost decrease has been the primary driver for huge undertakings to re-appropriate their business

How Will You Fund Your MBA Abroad [Upcoming Webinar]

Are you applying to MBA programs outside of your home country? Not sure how you’re going to pay those massive tuition bills? Sounds like you could use some expert tips to make your business school experience more affordable! REGISTER FOR OUR UPCOMING WEBINAR: How Will You Fund Your MBA Abroad? Hundreds of MBA applicants have turned to us with the all-important question: How will I pay for business school outside my home country? Now get  the answers you need – straight from MBA funding guru Michael Hollis, Associate Relationship Manager at Prodigy Finance. Michael will help you understand: 1. Payment options for school, as an international student 2. How Prodigy Finance loans work, and the benefits of their loans 3. Interest rates and how monthly loan repayments are calculated LIVE WEBINAR: Thursday, May 18, 2017 at 10am PT/1pm ET For 25 years, Accepted has helped business school applicants gain acceptance to top programs. Our outstanding team of MBA admissions consultants features former business school admissions directors and professional writers who have guided our clients to admission at top MBA, EMBA, and other graduate business programs worldwide including Harvard, Stanford, Wharton, Booth, INSEAD, London Business School, and many more.  Want an MBA admissions expert  to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch! How Will You Fund Your MBA Abroad [Upcoming Webinar] Are you applying to MBA programs outside of your home country? Not sure how you’re going to pay those massive tuition bills? Sounds like you could use some expert tips to make your business school experience more affordable! REGISTER FOR OUR UPCOMING WEBINAR: How Will You Fund Your MBA Abroad? Hundreds of MBA applicants have turned to us with the all-important question: How will I pay for business school outside my home country? Now get  the answers you need – straight from MBA funding guru Michael Hollis, Associate Relationship Manager at Prodigy Finance. Michael will help you understand: 1. Payment options for school, as an international student 2. How Prodigy Finance loans work, and the benefits of their loans 3. Interest rates and how monthly loan repayments are calculated LIVE WEBINAR: Thursday, May 18, 2017 at 10am PT/1pm ET For 25 years, Accepted has helped business school applicants gain acceptance to top programs. Our outstanding team of MBA admissions consultants features former business school admissions directors and professional writers who have guided our clients to admission at top MBA, EMBA, and other graduate business programs worldwide including Harvard, Stanford, Wharton, Booth, INSEAD, London Business School, and many more.  Want an MBA admissions expert  to help you get Accepted? Click here to get in touch!

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Examine the Argument that Places Can Be a Source of...

In order to answer the question, it is necessary to define identity and specifically the way social scientist define identity. An individual has multiple identities, both personally and socially. These connect them to other people-relational identity; to groups, neighbourhoods, and communities-social identity; and to immediate situation or surroundings-situational identity. Very few theories or concepts support the idea of an ‘essential personal identity’. A concept that is more favourable is that ‘who I am’ is learnt and that it does change often over our life span. A contrary explanation is that personal identity is not completely separate from social identity. Including group/collective identies, for example gender is both a social†¦show more content†¦It is the effectiveness, of these skills that helps create and maintain social order. These unspoken rules of social etiquette lead to society having preconceived ideas of what is the ‘normâ €™. This is almost automatic, yet if normal behaviour is breached without repair, it is immediately noticed. In addition, anything outside of these values of normality is viewed negatively or with suspicion, this in turn can lead to exclusion of those outside of these so-called ‘norms’. Identities of groups refers to differences as well as similarities; writer, Jonathan Raban visited New York during the 1980s. New York was experiencing record numbers of homeless living on the city’s streets. Raban noted how negatively other people described them: ‘Long-term mental patients discharged from hospitals†¦crack addicts, thieves, alcoholics (Raban, cited in Taylor, 2009, P. 176). Over time, these separate identities blend and become one larger identity: the Street People, Raban suggested that it be given capitals as is used similarly to that of national or tribal identity. Making it a relational identity, Raban conducted participant observation, he performed both identies, that of the Street People and that of those walking by. He observed how when performing the passer by identity it is vital to keep moving as once stationary, even though still the same person; to those who are moving, he is now part of the Street People collective and shares their neg ativeShow MoreRelatedThe concept of identity is a very wide and subjective area. Identities can both be chosen and800 Words   |  4 PagesIdentities can both be chosen and given, and are sources of disconnection and connection. Identities are not solely applied to people, but to places too. A places identity can both positively and negatively affect peoples identities. 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Despite strong community value of the importance of obtaining an education, American Indian students struggle to succeed academically, and have the lowest high school graduation rates in the United States (BrayboyRead MoreMale Reception And Resistance Of Feminism3444 Words   |  14 Pagesthree main schools of thought regarding the subject these include; Radical, Marxist and Liberal Feminism, all of which agree on one thing which is the advocacy of women s rights in economic, social and domestic settings. The idea is therefore to place women at the same position that men have allegedly held for centuries thus promoting equality Feminism It is widely agreed upon that the beginning of the movement was in the mid to late 19th century as the groups such as The Women s SuffrageRead MoreEssay on The Link Between Friendship and Moral Development4404 Words   |  18 PagesIn evaluating various philosophical and psychological perspectives on morality, two principal arguments emerge concerning the link between friendship and moral development: in the first argument, friendships act as a positive force in fostering moral development, as they provide a background upon which children can formulate their own moral rules and values. In direct contradiction, the second argument espouses friendship and morality as inherently antithetical, relying heavily on the idea that friendshipRead MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 PagesConquest and its repercussions in Indigenous cultures of the Pacific, Central and North 4.2.2 English colonization in the Caribbean Coast region 4.2.3 The Liberal policy in the Caribbean Coast: internal colonization 4.2.4 Afro-descendent communities in Nicaragua 4.2.5 Colonization through development models on Indigenous land 4.2.6 The autonomy process in the Caribbean Coast 4.2.6.1 Development of a normative juridical framework 4.2.6.2 Advances in the establishment of public policiesRead MoreImpact of Print Media on Society10439 Words   |  42 Pagesmembers for their help as we worked together: Cory Knowles, Debra Campeau, Darlene DePalma, Edie Gaythwaite, Won-yoo Kim, Marty Norris, Keith Riley, Jill Fjelstul, Patty McNeese, Stephanie Hull, Zhaodan Huang, and Jackie Davis who kept urging ―You can do itâ€â€" over the course of the last year. Many other classmates along the way made this journey more fun. I am indebted to Mrs. Karisa Workman, speech instructor, who graciously allowed me access to her communication classes for my dissertation researchRead MoreInformation Security15951 Words   |  64 PagesTaxonomy), and 3) outputs (writing the literature review). This paper provides the rationale for developing a solid literature review including detailed instructions on how to conduct each stage of the process proposed. The paper concludes by providing arguments for the value of an effective lit erature review to IS research. Keywords: Literature review, effective literature review, literature search, literature categorization, literature classification, literature analysis, literature synthesis, doctoral

Battery Monitoring System free essay sample

The modular measuring system consists of two different types of monitoring units, a battery block-voltage monitoring unit and a battery current- and temperature monitoring unit. Following the discussion of the measuring hardware, a LabView realization of a universal BMS software is described in detail. Due to the flexible design of the LabView BMS, the system is able to perform control and surveillance activities for any kind of battery application and battery technology (e. g. Pb, VRLA, NiCd, NiMH etc. ). The BMS was originally designed for VRLR batteries in uninterruptible power supply systems (UPS), but was also tested in electric vehicles (VW CityStromer, BMW). In a second step, a universal battery management system (BMS) was realized as a LabView application. The use of a personal computer instead of a microcontroller leads to much higher flexibility of the BMS and allows easy adaptation to various kinds of battery applications and battery technologies. The LabView-based BMS controls data acquisition, performs data processing, visualization and storage and provides a graphic user interface. Apart from monitoring features, the BMS evaluates the measured data and interacts with external components, such as the charger, the temperature regulation system and the inverter controller. A modem battery management system, in contrast to simple battery monitors, is capable of actively affecting battery operation. Before the presentation of the new measuring hardware and the LabView-based battery management system, the main principles and general structure of a BMS are discussed. I INTRODUCTION I1 Strong requirements concerning battery life-time, reliability and energy-efficiency are imposed on modem battery applications, e. g. , on batteries in unintermptible power supply systems (UPS) or batteries in electric vehicles (EV). These high demands can only be met by employing sophisticated battery monitoring and management systems. At present, battery users (e. g. in telecommunication energy supply or in power stations) know too little about the state of their batteries to draw economically optimized decisions concerning maintenance and replacement. The employment of a battery monitoring and management system helps finding the right time for battery maintenance and replacement and, in addition, will lengthen the service intervals due to taking active influence on battery operation. GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A BMS Fig. 1 shows the general structure of a battery management system and divides the tasks to be performed into logical blocks [2, 8, 91. Battery management systems require battery data (battery block-voltages, current and temperature) and environmental data (temperature). Furthermore, application depending system data is needed. To obtain these values, a specialized data acquisition system is used. An example of a suitable data acquisition system for BMS is pre1. sented in chapter 1 1 The following logical block of a BMS (see Fig. 1) performs the data processing. Apart from decoding the transmitted measured values, this block calculates battery quantities (e. g. entire battery voltage, average battery temperature, etc. ), integrates quantities like the battery current and performs statistical analysis (e. g. distribution of block voltages, deviation of block voltages from the average block voltage, etc. . Furthermore, the data procession unit needs information about the present maximum and minimum limit of block voltages, the maximum battery current etc. This information is either deduced from the system’s battery model or can be provided directly by the user (â€Å"parameter correction†). The parameters of the battery model have to be continuously adapted to the measured and computed quantitie s (e. g. , temperature, average load current) to ensure that the model accurately represents the battery’s present state. 630 To control battery operation, battery management systems require the accurate measurement of battery block voltages, battery current and battery temperatures. Therefore, in a first step, a modular data acquisition system, specifically designed for battery applications, was built. The measuring hardware consists of two different types of monitoring units, a battery block-voltage monitoring unit (VMU) and a battery current- and temperature monitoring unit (CMU), which have been developed in cooperation with SIEMENS AG, Erlangen. VMUs have already been employed in the SIEMENS Masterguard UPS in order to provide the system’s microcontrollerbased BMS with the required measured data. 0-7803-5069-3 /98/$10. 00 01998 IEEE Fig. 1 Structure of a battery monitoring and management system (BMS). In Fig. 1, the logical block â€Å"parameter adaptation† is responsible for battery parameter determination and update. The â€Å"monitoring† block in Fig. 1 performs fault detection and user information activities. Fault detection checks if a battery quantity has exceeded or is likely to exceed its allowed limits. Measured data, alarm messages and information related to service or maintenance needs are given to the user interface by the monitoring block. In contrast to the monitoring block, the â€Å"management† block is responsible for fault avoidance, which aims to keep the battery within certain limits of operation. If a quantity is going to exceed a limit, the management system reacts, for example, by activating the cooling system. In extreme situations, e. g. , in the case of exhaustive discharge, the fault avoidance may limit or even interrupt the current to protect the cells against reversion. Furthermore, the management block is able to control intelmethod, preligent charging algorithms like the IU,,, sented in [3], which limits the maximum of each battery block-voltage instead of just limiting the entire battery voltage during the time of constant-voltage charge. In Fig. 1, the external components, which are influenced by the management block (charger, coolingheating system, inverter controller) are summed up in the â€Å"control† block. The hnctional block â€Å"in-/output† represents the user interface which gives selected data and messages to the user and which allows user intervention, e. . the correction of battery or system parameters. Data selection as well as data storage are represented through the logical block â€Å"data management†. 111 DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM Fig. 2 shows the structure of the measuring and data acquisition system, consisting of battery block-voltage monitoring units (VMU) and current- and temperature monitoring units (CM U) [ 1,2]. Data transfer between the measuring units (any number and sequence is possible) and the data acquisition unit (DAU), which represents the interface to the data processing block of Fig. , is performed via a fiber-optic transmission system (FOTS). Optic data transmission provides electric insulation of the modular measuring system and leads to high immunity against electromagnetic noise. Power supply for the VMU and CMU is drawn directly from the measured batteries which minimizes the number of electrical connections and therefore leads to an easy and fast installation. The VMU measures up to eight voltages each ranging from 0. 3 V to 16 V with an accuracy of 0. 15 YO, which enables the measurement of single-cell and block voltages for any type of battery. Depending on the shunt resistor, the CMU is able to measure battery current, e. g. , over a range fiom OA up to f 300 A. The CMU also measures battery temperature (-5OC to 6OOC). When the battery management system does not need measured data, the monitoring units rest in a stand-by mode during which the modules’ power consumption is negligible compared to the self-discharge of the batteries. As soon as measured values are needed, the units are switched on by the central data acquisition unit using the fiber-optic transmission ring. After some setup-routines are completed, the VMUs and CMUs start the measuring process. As soon as data is available, the modules store the measured values in their transmission buffers. Receiving a so called â€Å"data-locomotive†, the first module 631 214 . . I t Data Acquisition Unit I 1 I -I Fibre Optic Transmission System (FOTS) T T t 8 block voltages Fig. 2 8 block voltages 8 block voltages 5 temperatures and 3 currents t 5 temperatures and 3 currents t Structure of the measuring and data acquisition system [ 11. The electric data input and data output signals of the serial port (TxD, RxD) are transformed into optic signals and are transmitted via the fiber optic transmission system. The electric handshake signals RTS and CTS as well as DSR, DTR and DCD are not transmitted so that, on the one hand, only one transmission ring is needed, but, on the other hand, hardware handshake signals cannot be used. Therefore, during the development of the LabView BMS much effort had to be taken to ensure the synchronization of data communication between the measuring units (CMU and VMU) and the personal computer. Having started the Labview application for the first time, the user is asked to provide obligatory system information, e. g. , the number and sequence of the measuring units, the value of the shunt resistor for current measurement, the time between new measurement requests and the paths for data storage. At the moment, the presented system is pre-configured to deal with up to eight measuring modules. The default time interval between measurement requests is set to four seconds, but can be augmented as well as shortened (down to one second) by the user. After the receipt of a valid data chain, LabView decodes the transmitted data. If the decoded data is recognized as measured values (and not as error message) these values are compared with the corresponding maximum and minimum limits. If a measured value exceeds the tolerated interval an alarm message is generated and shown on the graphic user interface. The minimum and maximum limits may be set by the user, or be deduced from an appropriate battery model. User interface: A screen shot of the user interface called â€Å"front panel†, can be seen in Fig. 3. On the front panel, the user can provide input information. Besides, the average battery interrupts the measuring process and starts sending the data-locomotive ollowed by its own measured data to the next module in the ring. This module recognizes the locomotive and the transmitted data and attaches to the data chain its own measured values. The central acquisition unit is able to decode the received data chain as it knows the order of the monitoring units [l]. IV LABVIEW-BASED UNIVERSAL AND BATTERY MONITORING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) LabView (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) from National Instruments Corporation is a software development application which uses a graphical programming language, G, to create programs in block diagram form. Since LabView includes libraries of functions for data acquisition, serial instrument control, data analysis, data presentation and data storage it commends itself for the BMS application. LabView programs are called â€Å"virtual instruments (VI)†. These VIS consist of an interactive user interface (â€Å"front panel†, see Fig. 3), a dataflow diagram that serves as the source code, and icon connections that allow the VI to be called from higher level VIS [ 5 ] . As the BMS is executed on a personal computer, it offers higher flexibility and much more graphic tools for data visualization than microcontroller-based systems. Therefore, the central unit of the diagram in Fig. 1 as well as the in-/output interfaces have been realized as a LabView application. Data acquisition: For communication between the measuring system and LabView (request for and receipt of measured values) one of the serial ports of the personal computer is used. 632 27-4 Fig. 3 Front panel of the LabView-based BMS eight measuring channels and can localize the battery block, which is exceeding its operation limits. Fig. 4 shows the display for module 1. The measured voltage of block 1 has exceeded ts maximum limit and, therefore, has caused the alarm message on the front panel. If the is in doubt, whether the battery,s usable ca- temperature, up to six currents of parallel battery strings and the entire battery voltage are constantly monitored. Fault detection: In case of an alarm message, the corresponding monitoring unit is marked. Clicking on the â€Å"module #,’button, the user gets detailed information about the moduleâ €™s block 1 1 block2 1 block3 1 block4 block5 block6 block7 block8 i Fig. 4 Detailed information about measuring module 1 633 acity might have decreased, it is possible to run a battery-check discharge, which helps recognizing and localizing defective cells. This battery-check, which could be defined as a part of the fault detection functions (monitoring) of the BMS, but also as a part of active intervention (management) is described below (see â€Å"fault avoidance and intervention†). Data processing: ment, the battery charger, which performs a blockvoltage limiting and therefore battery protecting charging algorithm (1Uma), is connected to the BMS via a second RS 232 serial port. It is anticipated that future BMS applications, e. . , BMS in electric vehicles, will use modem fieldbus configurations, such as CAN bus, which will lead to more flexible, open systems. Data management: Apart from calculating the entire battery voltage and the average temperature, LabView calcu lates the battery’s state of charge using a modified Peukert equation [2,6,7]. Switching the button â€Å"SOC† the state of charge of the battery strings is shown on the display. Furthermore, the distribution of block voltages is displayed. The histogram of the measured voltages can be seen by clicking on the â€Å"voltage distribution† button. Fault avoidance and intervention: Depending on the width of the voltage distribution, e. g. during floating operation, or depending on a decreasing usable battery capacity, the BMS is able to recognize if a so-called â€Å"battery conditioning† (in case of lead acid batteries) should be performed and gives a corresponding message to the user . A â€Å"battery conditioning† algorithm performs a special sequence of discharging and recharging periods which reverses to a certain extent aging of the batteries. A typical example of reversible damages of lead acid batteries is the so-called â€Å"premature capacity loss† [4]. To allow analysis of the data at a later moment, the measured values as well as the messages given to the user are continuously stored. This default storage mode is useful for battery examination in research and development. Using the BMS for common battery applications an event-controlled storage mode can be chosen, which stores a measured value, if it is significantly different form the value before. For future commercial battery applications, for example, battery leasing, another simple storage mode, which only records the alarm messages on the user display, could easily be employed. V SUMMARY To determine the decreasing battery capacity in case of batteries during floating operation (UPS-batteries), it is possible to run a battery-check discharge (e. g. 10% of nominal battery capacity). During the battery check the battery block-voltages are recorded and compared with the corresponding values from previous tests. In case of significant deviations, the battery’s usable capacity Qo has probably decreased as well. Therefore, a â€Å"battery conditioning† has to be recommended. If a measured temperature exceeds its limits or the differences between the measured temperatures exceed a predefined limit, a water circulation system is switched on. This system may either cool or heat the batteries or may just establish a uniform temperature distribution. Parameter adaptation: In this paper, a new developed, flexible LabView-based battery management system is presented. Through the LabView realization of the BMS (in contrast to older microprocessor based concepts [3]) it was possible to create an easily adaptable monitoring and management system for any kind of battery application. Additional monitoring or management features for BMS can easily be added to the LabView software. Even unforeseen demands on BMS, that may turn up with the usage of new battery technologies, can be met without problems. VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank SIEMENS AG, Erlangen for supporting the development of the presented battery measuring system and, furthermore, acknowledge D. Linzen for his contributions to this project. VI1 REFERENCES A. Lohner, S. Buller, E. Karden, R. W. De Doncker, â€Å"Development of a Highly Accurate, Universal and Inexpensive Measuring System for Battery Management Systems†, 15† Electric Vehicle Symposium (EVS), 1998, Brussels (Belgium) E. Karden, P. Mauracher, A. Lohner, â€Å"Battery Management Systems for Energy-Efficient Battery Operation: Strategy and Practical Experience†, 1 3 ~ Electric Vehicle Symposium, 1996, Osaka (Japan), Vol. 2 pp. 91-98 The amount of charge Qo which can be stored in and discharged from a battery at nominal values of current and temperature, is in general not equal to the nominal capacity QN, which is an effect of aging. Therefore, which is a model parameter of the modified Peukert equation, has to be updated regularly, e. g. , during the conditioning cycles. Due to the modular structure of the LabView application, more sophisticated battery models may be implemented according to individual user’s requirements. Control interfaces: eo, Apart from communication between LabView and the measuring system for data acquisition, the BMS has to have other interfaces to control external components such as the cooling system or the battery charger. At the mo634 A. Lohner, E. Karden, R. W. 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